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LSCI 211 > Glucose > Flashcards

Glucose Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Smallest carbohydrate?

A

Glyceraldehyde

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2
Q

Largest carbohydrate?

A

Amylopectin

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3
Q

Functions of carbohydrates? {ESI}

A
  • Energy Source/Storage
  • Structural Component of Cell walls + Exoskeletons
  • Information Signalling -> Sugar Code
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4
Q

Two types of signalling types? [sugar code/NO]

A
  1. N-LINK
  2. O-LINK

Protect proteins from proteases on surface of cell membrane! Covalently linked -> glycoproteins, glycolipids, protoglycines

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are _____ and have 2 categories:

A

Polyhydroxyl

  1. Aldose {Aldehyde}
  2. Ketose {Ketones}
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6
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fructose
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7
Q

Examples of dissacharides

A
  1. Maltose
  2. Lactose
  3. Sucrose
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8
Q

Components of Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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9
Q

Components of Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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10
Q

Components of Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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11
Q

Olgiosaccharides

A
  • 3-10 Monosccahrides -> Linked to lipids/proteins
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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • >10 monosaccharides
  • 1000 monosaccharides = Cellulose + Amylose (Unbranched)
  • Branched = Amylopectin!
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13
Q

Most sugars are defined in _ conformation?

A

D

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14
Q

What is significance of D/L configuration?

A

Determines rotation {L/R} in plane polarized light.

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15
Q

Fischer projection .. D conformation is when OH group is found ..

A

on the RIGHT

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16
Q

Fischer configuration … L when OH group is on the?

A

LEFT

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17
Q

A molecule has 3 chiral centres, how many stereoisomers?

A

2^3, therefore 8 stereoisomers.

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18
Q

A ketone sugar has the empirical formula of (CH20)6 .. what is the name?

A

Ketohexose

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19
Q

An aldose sugar with the empirical formula (CH20)3 , what is the name?

A

Aldoltriose

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20
Q

Draw Glylceraldelhyde

A
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21
Q

What is an epimer?

A

2 sugars that differ in the configuration of one carbon only.

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22
Q

D-Mannose is a ___

A

C2 epimer of glucose

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23
Q

D-Allose is a

A

C-3 Epimer of glucose

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24
Q

D-Galactose is a

A

C4 Epimer of glucose

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25
Draw the main structures of D-Aldotriose (1) and D-Aldoterioise (2)
D-Glyceraldehyde D-Erythose D-Threose
26
Name the 4 Aldopentoses
D-Ribose D-Arabinose D-Xylose D-Lyxose
27
Name the 3 most important aldohexoses
D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Galactose
28
Alcohol attacking an aldehyde in *solutuion* creates ...
Hemiacetal
29
Alcohol attacking a ketone in solution creates ..
*Hemiketal*
30
Draw the alpha-D-Glucose, what percent is often found in solution?
32%
31
Draw beta-D-Glucose, what percent is often found in solution?
68%
32
Why is more beta glucose found in solution compared to alpha glucose?
LESS stearic clash when hydroxyl group is in the beta position, leading to a more vulnerable area.
33
5 membered oxygen containing ring =
Furan - 5 bonds!
34
6 membered oxygen containing ring?
Pyran - 6 bonds!
35
Conversions between beta and alpha is known as:
Mutarotation
36
Glycosidic linkages are ...
Non Static! **Bonds can break.** **1)** leads to anomeric C1, alpha or beta (99%) OR **2) No glycosidic linakges form** **(1%)**
37
What is a reducing sugar?
* **The 1%** * **Monosaccharides that can oxidize (become reduced)** and give carboxylic acid. * Have extra electrons, can lose these electrons to reducs another sugar.
38
Explain Fehlings reaction
1. Presence of a monosaccharide with a reducing end 2. Becomes oxidized by losing electrons to **Cu2+ -\> Cu**+ (copper is reduced) 3. Reduced copper = cupric oxide, **solution turns blue** 4. **Tests glucose levels in urine + blood.**
39
Explain tohlens reaction
Same a fehlings, but **Ag3+ -\> Ag2+** **Silver gets reduced and forms *cuprous red oxides.***
40
Describe the glucose oxidation reaction
D-Glucose + O2 ***-\>(glucose oxidase)*** D-Glucono-S-Lactone + **H202**
41
What is the significance of H202 in the glucose oxidation reaction?
Amount of **COLOUR CHANGE = H202 GENERATED = AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE** (in blood/urine)
42
How are monosaccharides chemically modifies? (OAAP)
1. Oxidation 2. Phosphorylation 3. Amidation 4. Acetlytation
43
GALN?
Galactosamine
44
GLCN?
Glucosamine
45
GALNAC?
N-Acetylgalactosamine
46
GLCNAC?
N-Acetylglucosamine
47
Draw alpha-D-Glucopyranose from fisher and hayworth projections.
See notes.
48
Draw alpha-d-fructofuronase from fischer and hayworth
See notes.
49
Name the two kinds of polysaccharides
1. Homopolysaccharides 2. Heterosaccharides
50
What are the two kinds of homopolysaccharides?
1. Branched 2. Unbranched
51
2 examples of unbranced homopolysaccharides
1. Amylose 2. Cellulose
52
Describe Amylose
* Homogenous (structure/support) * Alpha 1,4 linked * unbranched
53
Describe cellulose
* Homogenous (structure/support) * Water insoluble, plants. * **Beta**-1,4 linkages * HBonds between adjacent monomers * *most abundant polysaccharide in nature*
54
Give and example of a branched homopolysaccharide
Amylopectin
55
Describe amylopectin
* branched homopolysaccharide (structure + support) * **alpha-1,4 linkages** with **alpha-1,6 branches** every 24-30 residues. * **Quicker release of glucose** due to *phosphorylase* can cleave both sides of branch ! * Molecular weight of 200 million
56
Starch is ..
* Main storage homopolysaccharide in plants * Mixture of **amylose + amylopectin**
57
Glycogen is ..
* Highly branched structure * Glucose **storage in animals, in liver**, 7% by weight. * Similar to amylopectin, but **alpha-1,6** branching occurs every **8-12 residues.**
58
What is the function of heteropolysaccharides?
Cellular and stuctural function.
59
List the two kinds of heteropolysaccharides.
1. Two Monomer (unbranched) 2. Multi-monomer (branched)
60
Fungi Bacteria and protozoa secrete ...
**Cellulase** allow them to hydrolyse beta-1,4 linkages on cellulose and use a source of glucose.
61
Main heteropolysaccharide, what is it?
Sugars that make a cage for bacteria: * keep integrity of membrane * target for antibiotics * consists of glucose monomers and amino acid links.
62
What are the glucose monomers that make up the heteropolysaccharide bacterial cage?
1. GLCNAC (N-Acetlyglucosamine) 2. MURZAC (N-acetlymuramic acid)
63
What are the amino acid links on the heterpolysaccharide sugar cage?
1. L-Alanine 2. D-Glutamate 3. L-Lysime 4. D-Alanine
64
Where do lyosomes cleave on the sugar cage?
At the multiple glucose sugars, GALNAC and MURZAC
65
How is the sugar cage susceptible to antibiotics?
1. **Penicillin** and **Peptides** can cleave the amino acid linkages. 2. This disrupts the integrity of the structure where bacteria resides. 3. Now susceptible to lysing in hypotonic solution, cell death = bacteria death.
66
Name the two types of protein glycosylation
1. N-inked 2. O-linked
67
Explain the N-linked olgiosaccharide.
1. Preassambled unit, **entire olgiosaccharide attached to protein at once via amide linkage.** **Glycosolation signal =** ASN -xxx- SER or ASN -xxx- THR Attatched on **extracellular side.**
68
Exlain O-Linked olgiossacharides
1. Attached one monosaccharide at a time **No glycosylation signal** Added onto **SER or THR units.** **Intracellular and Extracelluar sides**
69
Why does protein glycosylation occur?
1. Quality control of protiens! 2. **Sugar helps folding, and drives tiertiary conformation.** 3. **If not folded properly, protein will lose its functionality, be sent back to Golgi for recyling.**
70
What is the product of protein glycosylation?
Glucosamine

LSCI 211 (5 decks)

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