Smallest carbohydrate?
Glyceraldehyde
Largest carbohydrate?
Amylopectin
Functions of carbohydrates? {ESI}
-Energy Source/Storage
-Structural Component of Cell walls + Exoskeletons
-Information Signalling -> Sugar Code
Two types of signalling types? [sugar code/NO]
- N-LINK
- O-LINK
Protect proteins from proteases on surface of cell membrane! Covalently linked -> glycoproteins, glycolipids, protoglycines
Carbohydrates are _____ and have 2 categories:
Polyhydroxyl
- Aldose {Aldehyde}
- Ketose {Ketones}
Examples of Monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
Examples of dissacharides
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Sucrose
Components of Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Components of Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Components of Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Olgiosaccharides
- 3-10 Monosccahrides -> Linked to lipids/proteins
Polysaccharides
- >10 monosaccharides
- 1000 monosaccharides = Cellulose + Amylose (Unbranched)
- Branched = Amylopectin!
Most sugars are defined in _ conformation?
D
What is significance of D/L configuration?
Determines rotation {L/R} in plane polarized light.
Fischer projection .. D conformation is when OH group is found ..
on the RIGHT
Fischer configuration ... L when OH group is on the?
LEFT
A molecule has 3 chiral centres, how many stereoisomers?
2^3, therefore 8 stereoisomers.
A ketone sugar has the empirical formula of (CH20)6 .. what is the name?
Ketohexose
An aldose sugar with the empirical formula (CH20)3 , what is the name?
Aldoltriose
Draw Glylceraldelhyde
What is an epimer?
2 sugars that differ in the configuration of one carbon only.
D-Mannose is a ___
C2 epimer of glucose
D-Allose is a
C-3 Epimer of glucose
D-Galactose is a
C4 Epimer of glucose
Draw the main structures of D-Aldotriose (1) and D-Aldoterioise (2)
D-Glyceraldehyde
D-Erythose
D-Threose
Name the 4 Aldopentoses
D-Ribose
D-Arabinose
D-Xylose
D-Lyxose
Name the 3 most important aldohexoses
D-Glucose
D-Mannose
D-Galactose
Alcohol attacking an aldehyde in solutuion creates ...
Hemiacetal
Alcohol attacking a ketone in solution creates ..
Hemiketal
Draw the alpha-D-Glucose, what percent is often found in solution?
32%
