Glucose Metabolism and Thyroid Phys of Pregos Flashcards
80% of fetal energy source is ____.
glucose
Glucose transport to the fetus occurs in direct proportion to _____.
maternal glucose levels
In the fetus, _____ is a growth hormone and has an anabolic effect on fetal tissues both directly and by stimulation of IGF-1.
insulin
In the fetus, insulin is a growth hormone and has an anabolic effect on fetal tissues both directly and by stimulation of ______.
IGF-1
What is “accelerated starvation of pregnancy?”
the increased nutritional demands of pregnancy and the diversion of glucose to the placenta are met, in part, by increased maternal lipolysis –>
earlier transition from carbohydrate to fat utilization in the fasting state –>
earlier depletion of liver glycogen
fetus also withdraws amino acids from the maternal circulation –>
places the mother at risk for starvation ketosis which occurs much earlier than usual
Pregnancy can be thought of as a “stress test” for the development of _____.
Type 2 DM
_____ and ______ are the most common malformations observed in fetuses of pregestational diabetic mothers.
Cardiac defects and neural tube defects
What specific cardiac defects are seen when hyperglycemia causes birth defects?
transposition of the great arteries mitral and pulmonary atresia double outlet of the right ventricle tetralogy of Fallot fetal cardiomyopathy
Maternal thyroid hormone production _______
approximately 30-50% during pregnancy.
increases
Why does more T4 have to be produced to maintain normal free T4 levels in the pregnant woman?
bc of increased production of TBG –> increased binding of thyroid hormone + increased metabolism of thyroid hormones secondary to placental deiodination
Fetal thyroid tissue begins to function by _____ and is fully functional at approximately _____.
start = 12 weeks complete = 18 weeks
______ is the leading cause of hypothyroidism globally.
Iodine deficiency
Why is thyroid hormone important for the fetus?
to facilitate neuro development
Fetal brain development (in particular,_______, _____, and ______), have been demonstrated to be dependent on T4.
neurogenesis, neuronal migration and myelination
Fetal brain development (in particular, neurogenesis, neuronal migration and myelination), have been demonstrated to be dependent on _____.
T4
