Glycolysis

Question 1

___ is the first of three linked metabolic pathways

Answer 1

glycolysis

Question 2

Glycolysis generates ___ ___ in the form of high energy bonds of ATP molecules

Answer 2

cellular energy

Question 3

Glycolysis generates cellular energy in the form of high energy bonds of ___ ____

Answer 3

ATP molecules

Question 4

Glycolysis involves the breakdown of _____ and other simple sugars, to produce ___

Answer 4

glucose (6-carbon molecule)
pyruvate (3-carbon molecule)

Question 5

What does the glycolysis pathway provide for the TCA cycle?

Answer 5

precursor molecules

Question 6

What is the TCA acid?

Answer 6

the second of the three linked pathways

Question 7

Does glycolysis generate ATP?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

When does glycolysis generate ATP?

Answer 8

When oxygen is limited

Question 9

How many phases of glycolysis are there?

Answer 9

2 (5 reactions in each)

Question 10

Phase 1: a series of 5 enzyme catalyzed reactions transforms each glucose molecule into ___ molecules of ___

Answer 10

2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 11

Phase 2: 5 enzyme catalyzed reactions transforms 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into __ molecules of __

Answer 11

2, pyruvate

Question 12

Phase 1 consumes __ molecules of ATP

Answer 12

2

Question 13

Phase 2 generates __ molecules of ATP

Answer 13

4

Question 14

What is the net gain of ATP between phase 1 & 2

Answer 14

2 (-2+4)

Question 15

Is phase 1 or phase 2 more active?

Answer 15

Phase 1

Question 16

Phase 1 of glycolysis:

Answer 16

Glucose to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 17

What is the second of the three linked pathways?

Answer 17

TCA cycle

Question 18

How many enzyme catalyzed reactions are in the phases of glycolysis?

Answer 18

10 enzyme catalyzed reactions

Question 19

Conversion of glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehude-3-phosphate

Answer 19

Phase 1 of glycolysis

Question 20

Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into pyruvate

Answer 20

Phase 2 of glycolysis

Question 21

What phase of glycolysis generates 4 ATP?

Answer 21

Phase 2

Question 22

ATP to ADP generation occurs in what phase of glycolysis?

Answer 22

Phase 1

Question 23

Phase __ is like an investment

Answer 23

1

Question 24

NAD to NADH in glycolysis are essential in activating the __ pathway

Answer 24

3rd

Question 25

NADH play an important role in __ ___

Answer 25

energy generation

Question 26

What are the three possible metabolic pathways that use the pyruvate molecules generated in glycolysis?

Answer 26

1. Animals and plants in aerobic conditions 2. Anaerobic glycolysis in contracting muscle 3. Alcoholic fermentation in yeast

Question 27

ATP synthesis in phase 2 occurs in what way?

Answer 27

ADP to ATP by addition of phosphate group

Question 28

What are the two anaerobic conditions of the possible metabolic pathways?

Answer 28

Anaerobic glycolysis in contracting muscle & Alcoholic fermentation in yeast

Question 29

ATP is used up in phase 1 in what way?

Answer 29

ATP energy is being used and converted to ADP

Question 30

NAD+ is converted to ___ in phase 2

Answer 30

NADH

Question 31

How many NADH are made per glucose?

Answer 31

2

Question 32

Why is NADH produced in phase 2?

Answer 32

to stimulate the electron transport chain

Question 33

What is created with pyruvate when oxygen is present (aerobic conditions)

Answer 33

energy

Question 34

in aerobic conditions, the ____ from pyruvate can be directly linked to the TCA cycle via a _____ bond

Answer 34

carbons, covalent

Question 35

when oxygen is limited, the pyruvate from glycolysis produces ___ ____

Answer 35

lactic acid

Question 36

the production of lactic acid from pyruvate is commonly found in ____ _____

Answer 36

muscle cells

Question 37

when there is no oxygen, the pyruvate produces _____

Answer 37

ethanol

Question 38

the production of ethanol from pyruvate is common in ___

Answer 38

yeast

Question 39

when ethanol is produced from pyruvate, what else is produced?

Answer 39

carbon dioxide

Question 40

(1) ____ adds a phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 40

hexokinase

Question 41

(2) ______ converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate

Answer 41

phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 42

why is glucose converted to fructose in step 2?

Answer 42

build up to the proper substrate that can bind to the active site of the enzyme that will split glucose into 2

Question 43

(3) ____ adds a second phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate making it fructose,1,6-biphosphate

Answer 43

phosphofructokinase

Question 44

(4) ______ is the correct enzyme for the substrate of splitting the glucose molecule, and converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2 3 carbon fragments)

Answer 44

aldolase

Question 45

of the 2 3 carbon fragments produced at the end of phase 1, which is the desired one?

Answer 45

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 46

(5) what enzyme is used to convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate into the desired form, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

Answer 46

triose phosphate isomerase

Question 47

Is glucose the only monosaccharide that can enter the glycolysis pathway?

Answer 47

No!

Question 48

What other monosaccharides can enter the glycolysis pathway?

Answer 48

Galactose, fructose, and mannose

Question 49

___ is a monosaccharide that is similar to glucose and is a component of the carbohydrate chains of many glycoproteins

Answer 49

Mannose

Question 50

Mannose is converted into what intermediates to enter the glycolysis cycle?

Answer 50

Fructose-6-Phosphate (F6P)

Question 51

Fructose is converted into what intermediates to enter the glycolysis cycle?

Answer 51

DHAP, G3P

Question 52

Galactose is converted into what intermediates to enter the glycolysis cycle?

Answer 52

Glucose-6-Phospahte (G6P)

Question 53

Phosphorylation of glucose is the __ reaction of glycolysis

Answer 53

first

Question 54

How is glucose kept in the cell?

Answer 54

Glucose is kept in the cell by phosphorylation to G6P, which cannot easily cross the plasma membrane.

Question 55

The phosphorylation of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate creates a ___ molecule that cannot easily cross the plasma membrane and stays inside the cell

Answer 55

charged

Question 56

what ensures that the glucose remains inside the cell and does not go back to the extracellular fluid in phase 1?

Answer 56

by the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in step 1

Question 57

glucose-6-phosphate is a ___ charged molecule to make it hard to get through the lipid bilayer and glucose transporter to leave the cytoplasm and go back to the extracellular fluid

Answer 57

negatively

Question 58

(6) ____ adds a phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to produce 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

Answer 58

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 59

(7) ____ removes the previously added phosphate group from 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to produce 2 3-phosphoglycerate and adds the phosphate to ADP to create ATP

Answer 59

phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 60

the removal of the phosphate group in step 7 converts the ______ into a ______ group

Answer 60

aldehyde, carboxyl group

Question 61

(8) ____ moves the phosphate group form carbon 3 to carbon 2, therofore converting 2 3-phosphoglycerate into 2 2-phosphoglycerate

Answer 61

phosphoglycerate mutase

Question 62

(9) ______ removes a phosphate group from 2 2-phosphoglycerate to crease 2 phosphoenolpyruvate

Answer 62

enolase

Question 63

(10) _____ adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP and therofore converts 2 phosphoenolpyruvate into 2 pyruvate molecules

Answer 63

pyruvate kinase

Question 64

pyruvate is a combination of an ____ group and a ____ group

Answer 64

acetyl, carboxyl

Question 65

In animal and plant cells in aerobic conditions, ___ is metabolized by the TCA cycle and the electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate ___

Answer 65

pyruvate, ATP

Question 66

what is the purpose of yeast cells making ethanol?

Answer 66

they gain NAD+ when acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol

Question 67

what enzyme converts acetaldehyde to ethanol in yeast?

Answer 67

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 68

yeast cells need a balance of ___ and ____ and this is achieved by the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol

Answer 68

NAD+ and NADH

Question 69

what enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 69

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 70

in oxygen-depleted muscles, _____ is generated by the reaction of converting pyruvate to lactic acid

Answer 70

NAD+

Question 71

In skeletal muscles under strenuous exercise, the anaerobic conditions result in the buildup of __ __ which is associated with cramps and muscle fatigue

Answer 71

lactic acid

Question 72

When exercise ceases and oxygen becomes available, lactic acid can be directly converted back to ____. Which is used to fuel the TCA cycle

Answer 72

pyruvate

Question 73

Where is the excess lactic acid transported if anaerobic conditions continue? What is it resynthesizes into?

Answer 73

Transported into the blood and liver Resynthesized into glucose

Question 74

In microbes, lactic acid fermentation produces sour __, ___, and ____

Answer 74

milk, yogurt, and sauerkraut