Carbohydrates Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What are the three groups of carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
2
Q
What is the molecular formula of monosaccharides?
A
(CH2O)n (n=3 or more)
3
Q
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose are examples of ____
A
monosaccharides
4
Q
What are the five examples of monosaccharides?
A
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
- ribose
- deoxyribose
5
Q
How many monosaccharides are in oligosaccharides?
A
two - ten monosaccharides
6
Q
There are __ to ___ monosaccharides in oligosaccharides
A
two to ten
7
Q
sucrose, lactose, maltose are examples of ____
A
oligosaccharides
8
Q
Polysaccharides are ___ of monosaccharides
A
polymers
9
Q
Polysaccharides contain ___ or ___ of monosaccharides units
A
hundreds or thousands
10
Q
There are hundreds or thousands of ___ ___ in polysaccharides
A
monosaccharides units
11
Q
Polysaccharides may be __ or ___ polymers
A
linear or branched
12
Q
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin are examples of ____
A
polysaccharides
13
Q
a and B glucose are _____
A
monosaccharides
14
Q
a-glucopyranose the OH is ____
A
OH pointing down
15
Q
B-glucopyranose the OH is ___
A
OH pointing up
16
Q
B-glucopyranose is __ __ than a-glucopyranose
A
more stable
17
Q
a-glucose creates ____
A
starch
18
Q
B-glucose creates ____
A
cellulose
19
Q
a =
A
axial bond
20
Q
e=
A
equatorial bond
21
Q
The ____ ____ of glucose is the most stable structure and is the form that predominates
A
chair conformation
22
Q
a and B fructose are ____
A
monosaccharides
23
Q
a-fructofuranose the OH is _____
A
pointing down
24
Q
B-fructofuranose the OH is ___
A
pointing up
25
_____ is a five sided ring structure
furan
26
____ is a six sided ring structure
pyran
27
(Galactose vs Glucose) The OH is up in ______
Galactose
28
(Galactose vs Glucose) OH is down in _____
Glucose
29
What makes ribose different than glucose, fructose, and galactose?
Ribose is a 5 carbon structure
30
Deoxyribose is lacking one ___
oxygen
31
1. C5H10O5 is ____
2. C5H10O4 is ____
1. ribose
2. deoxyribose
32
Ribose and deoxyribose are important components of ___ and ___ ___
nucleotides and nucleic acids
33
___ ___ are derivatives of monosaccharides
Amino sugars
34
B-D-Glucosamine has the OH on carbon 1 pointing __ and the OH on carbon 4 pointing ___
up, down
35
Disaccharides consist of two ____ ___ linked by a glycosidic bond
monosaccharide units
36
What are three examples of disaccharides?
1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose
37
This disaccharide is table sugar; composed of glucose + fructose
Sucrose
38
This disaccharide is milk sugar; composed of galactose + glucose
Lactose
39
This disaccharide is malt sugar; composed of two glucose units
Maltose
40
What are two examples of other disaccharides?
1. Cellobiose
2. Isomaltose
41
This disaccharide is obtained by chemical breakdown of cellulose
Cellobiose
42
This disaccharide is obtained by chemical breakdown of bacterial polysaccharides
Isomaltose
43
Galactose-B-1,4-glucose
Lactose
44
Glucose-a-1,4-glucose
Maltose
45
glucose-a-1,2-fructose
Sucrose
46
glucose-B-1,4-glucose
Cellobiose
47
glucose-a-1,6-glucose
Isomaltose
48
What are two examples of storage polysaccharides?
1. Starch
2. Glycogen
49
___ is a storage form of a-glucose in plants
Starch
50
Starch has a mixture of two forms:
a-amylose (10-30%)
amylopectin (70-90%)
51
a-amylose consists of ___ ___ of a-glucose
linear chains
52
amylopectin is highly ___ with them being every ___ residues
branched, 12-30
53
____ is the storage form of a-glucose in animals
Glycogen
54
Glycogen is found in the ___ and ___
liver and skeletal muscle
55
Glycogen has ___ of liver mass
10%
56
Glycogen has ___ of skeletal muscle
1-2%
57
Glycogen is highly ___ with them being every ___ glucose units
branched, 8-12
58
___ linear polymer of a-glucose units
amylose
59
___ branched chain polymer of glucose units
amylopectin
60
what is the linear linkage of amylose?
glucose-a,1,4-glucose
61
what is the branded linkage of amylopectin?
glucose-a,1,6-glucose
62
What is the linear linkage of amylopectin?
glucose-a,1,4-glucose
63
The linear linkage in both amylose and amylopectin is
glucose-a,1,4-glucose
64
How is starch in the diet broken down?
a-amylase & a(1-6)-glucosidase
65
__ __ stabilize the helices in ___
hydrogen bonds, amylose
66
Structural polysaccharides include:
1. Cellulose
2. Chitin
3. Agarose
4. Glycosaminoglycans
67
___ abundant component of plant cell walls, wood, and bark of trees
cellulose
68
Cellulose is the __ ___ of b-glucose units
linear polymer
69
Cellulose is the abundant component of _____
plant cell walls, wood, and bark of trees
70
____ is the component of exoskeleton (shells) of crabs, shrimp, insects, spiders, etc.
Chitin
71
Chitin is similar in structure to _____ but with a repeating unit of N-acetylglucosamine and not ___
cellulose, B-glucose
72
____ is a linear polymer of galactose
Agarose
73
Agarose is used to separate __ ___ like DNA by electrophoresis
large molecules
74
Glycosaminoglycans are components of ___, ___ and other ___ ____
cartilage, tendons, connective tissues
75
Cellulose is a ___ of B-glucose
polymer
76
Glucose units in cellulose are linked by __ glycosidic bonds
B(1-4)
77
Cellulose forms an extended ___ ___ with alternating glucose units flipped ____
ribbon structure, 180
78
Cellulose forms ____ extended ribbons
linear
79
___ ___ strengthen the structure of cellulose
Hydrogen bonds
80
What are the three cellulose chains?
Intrachain
Interchain
Intersheet
81
What is the strength of Cellulose due to ?
1. No branches
2. Extended, linear chains
3. Hydrogen bonding
82
The strength of cellulose is due to extended, linear chains. What does this mean?
There is no helical coiling. Alternating glucose units are rotated 180 degrees.
83
___ is a polymer of a derivative of B-glucose called N-acetylglucosamine
Chitin
84
Chitin forms __ ___ structures similar to cellulose
extended ribbon
85
Peptidoglycan are the strong, protective peptide/polysaccharide layers of __ ___ __
bacterial cell walls
86
Proteoglycans are the family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix of __ ___
animals cells
87
Peptidoglycan, gram-negative bacteria, and gram-positive bacteria are all examples of?
Bacterial cell walls
88
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are examples of?
Cell surface polysaccharides of animal cells
89
What is an example of gram-negative bacteria
E. coli
90
What is an example of gram-positive bacteria
S. aureus
91
___ ___ __ have a thin peptidoglycan layer between two lipid bilayers
Gram-negative bacteria
92
___ ___ __ have a thicker peptidoglycan layer external to a single lipid bilayer
Gram-positive bacteria
93
____ are membrane proteins with polysaccharides attached
Glycoproteins
94
____ are a family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix
Proteoglycans
95
Are gram-negative peptidoglycan layers thick or thin?
THIN
96
Are gram-positive peptidoglycan layers thick or thin?
THICK
97
This peptidoglycan structure is external to a single lipid bilayer - which surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane
Gram-positive bacteria
98
This peptidoglycan structure is between two lipid bilayers
Gram-negative bacteria
99
_____ are major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
lipopolysaccharides
100
In gram-negative bacteria, ____ is between the outer and inner lipid bilayer
peptidoglycan
101
____ are proteins with covalently linked oligo- or polysaccharide groups
glycoproteins
102
____ are carbohydrate groups linked to proteins through the -OH groups of serine or threonine
O-linked glycoproteins
103
Where are O-linked glycoproteins found?
In cell surface glycoproteins
104
____ are carbohydrate groups linked through a nitrogen in the side chain of asparagine
N-linked glycoproteins
105
Where are N-linked glycoproteins found?
Many different cellular proteins such as antibodies, ribonuclease, peptide hormones
106
Why are three examples of O-linked glycoproteins
1. Leukosialin
2. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)
3. LDL receptor
107
The highly extended protein chains of O-linked glycoproteins allow the __ regions to project above the __ ___
functional, membrane surface
108
Decay-accelerating factor and LDL receptors have ___ ___
globular structures
109
___ are a family of glycoproteins with carbohydrate groups called glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
110
Proteoglycans are a family of _____
glycoproteins
111
Proteoglycans are a family of glycoproteins with carbohydrate groups called ____
glycosaminoglycans
112
What are two examples of proteoglycans?
Chondroitin, dermatan
113
Glycosaminoglycans are __ ___ of alternating _____
linear chains, monosaccharides
114
Glycosaminoglycans are linear chains of alternating monosaccharides with charged groups such as ___ ___
carboxyl groups, -COO-
115
Where are proteoglycans located?
1. extracellular matrix
2. integral membrane proteins
116
How do proteoglycans function?
Function by interacting with a variety of other molecules at the cell surface
117
Proteoglycans have ____ ___ and a binding site
carbohydrate chains
118
Fewer carbohydrate chains in proteoglycans may imply that protein chains have the __ ___
binding site
119
___ consist of a polypeptide with long chains of carbohydrates (glycosaminoglycans) attached
proteoglycans
120
What proteoglycan is a long chain of protein with few carbohydrates?
Versican
121
What proteoglycan is a short chain of protein with many carbohydrate chains?
Serglycin
122
What proteoglycan is a long protein chain with many carbohydrate chains?
Rat cartilage proteoglycan
123
What proteoglycan is a short protein chain with one carbohydrate chain?
Decorin
124
What proteoglycan is a short protein chain with one carbohydrate chain with heparin sulfate?
Syndecan
125
What are the two components of cartilage?
cartilage proteoglycan, type 2 collagen
126
Majority of proteoglycans are found in the ____
extracellular matrix
