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Biochem > Glycosidic bonds > Flashcards

Glycosidic bonds Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides are joined to

A

alcohols and amines through glycosidic linkages

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2
Q

Sucrose

A

(Glucose + fructose)

(alpha-d-glucopyranosyl+beta-d-fructofuranose) alpha 1,2 glycosidic bond

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3
Q

Lactose

A

(beta-d-Galactopyransoly+alpha-d-glucopyronosyl) beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

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4
Q

Maltose

A

(alpha d glucopyranosyl)+(alpha d glucopyranosyl) combined via a beta 1, 4 glycosidic linkage

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5
Q

alpha 1, 2 glycosidic bond =

A

sucrose

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6
Q

beta 1,4 glycosidic bond =

A

lactose

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7
Q

alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bond

A

maltose

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8
Q

What’s wrong with drinking alcohol?

A

partial oxidation of ethanol produces acetylaldehyde, whose aldehyde groups are free to react with OH groups on proteins, glycosylating them and deforming them (marking them “nonself” to the immune system)

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9
Q

homopolymers

A

a polysaccharide in which the repeating monosaccharides are identical (think homo = the same)

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10
Q

glycogen

A

the most common homopolymer in animal cells, the storage form of glucose

large and branched

largely made up of alpha 1,4 linkages

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11
Q

alpha 1,6 linkages

A

the “branching” glycosidic linkages in glycogen, present in 1/10 units

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12
Q

the plant analog of glycogen and its forms

A

starch, amylose (unbranched starch) and amylopectin (branched starch)

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13
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

liver (to supply glucose between meals) and muscle to supply glucose during exercise

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14
Q

Starch —-> stomach —->

A

amylose/amylopectin is broken down in duodenum, demonstrate the alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 breakdown of starch into their disaccharides

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15
Q

Difference between glycogen and starch

A

1/10 branching in glycogen, 1/30 branching in amylopectin

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16
Q

cellulose

A

glucose in beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage

17
Q

difference between glycogen and cellulose and starch

A

cellulose utilize beta 1,4 linkages, starch and glycogen both use alpha 1,4 linkages

18
Q

“fiber”

A

a polysaccharide we don’t digest, beta 1,4 linkage, cellulose

19
Q

If lactose and cellulose both share a beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage arrangement, why can’t we breakdown cellulose?

A

lactose is beta 1 d galactopyrnosyl + alpha 1 a d glucopyranose

in other words the corresponding enzyme (lactase) identifies beta 1,4 between a galactose and a glucose, while it can’t for the beta 1,4 between two glucose monomers

20
Q

Glycoproteins, classes and functions

A

Class 1: proteoglycans: structural integrity, cartilage, blood vessels, holds these things together! it’s the glue!

Class 2: glycoprotein: blood groups, hormones , erythropoietin (hormone secreted by kidney to stimulate blood production)

Glycolipids

21
Q

UDP

A

Uridine diphosphate: added to intermediates in glycolysis to make a bigger molecule (allows one of the carbons to build up a bigger “thing”)

22
Q

Mucins

A

mucos membranes possess them and secrete them (your spit!) proteins that have sugars on them, different from the other glycoproteins

23
Q

porphyrin ring’s importance

A

the “non recyclable” thing in blood recycling (iron is saved): during the chemically shredding of porphyrin ring, bilirubin is produced

24
Q

bilirubin

A

chemically identical to porphyrin ring, byproduct of porphyrin’s breakdown (swiss cheese like: planar and hydrophobic)

hydrophobic and planar; can’t be excreted normal via normal disposal means by itself, so sugar is added to make it more susceptible to water salvable

25
Q

Bilirubin diglucuronide

A

excreteable form of bilirubin

26
Q

N-linked oligosaccharides

A

sugars attached to an asparagine residue via 1,4 beta glycosidic linkages between glucose and N-acetylglucosamine

All n linked oligosaccharides have common pentasaccharide core consisting of three mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues

27
Q

O-linked oligosaccharides

A

sugars attached to a serine or a threonine

“reducing end” of the sugar is attached to a serine”

28
Q

How many branches are on a glycoproteins

A

20-40

29
Q

Mucins: structure, traits, explanation

A

Mucins consist of a polypetide backbone with n-acetylglucosamines o-linked to sialic acids, which interact with water to give mucous its characteristic wateryness

wateryness allows them to adhere to epithelial tissues and and perform basic barrier defense

30
Q

Proteoglycans, names and their basic structure

A

Chondroitin 6 sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronate….repeating units in glycoaminoglycans and proteins

31
Q

N-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins all

A

contain an Asn (asparagine residue) plus three mannose sugars; uses Gln/GluNAc (N-linked acetrylglucosamines)

32
Q

O-linked oligosaccharides in glycproteins all

A

use an O linked Gln/GluNAc (N-linked acetylglucosamines), use threonine or Serine to link up with the peptide chain

33
Q

Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, Mucin

A 
glycoproteins = blood groups/hormones
proteoglycans = structural role in connective tissues 
mucin= looks like a glycoprotein except it loves water and only uses sialic acid and Gln/GluNAc
34
Q

Name the proteoglycans

A 
Chondroitin 6-sulfate 
keratan sulfate
heparin
dermantan 
hyaluronate

all suffixed with “sulfate”

35
Q

amphipathic

A

molecule with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, spontaneously form sheaths

36
Q

micelle formation

A

occurs when soaps/detergents are used on a larger phospholipid bilayer, and the resulting “ionized” phospholipids (i.e. single fatty acid chains with a phosphorous head) conglomerate into “spherical” units > 20 nm in diameter.

37
Q

the miclelle versus the bilipid layer

A

the micelle is the least favored of the two possible conformations, the reason is that the two fatty acid chains on the phosophlipid cannot fit inside the micelle, so they will for the bilayer instead

38
Q

dimensions of the bilayer versus the micelle

A

> 20 nm for the micelle, 1 mm for the lipid bilayer

Biochem (17 decks)

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