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Biochem > Phosphatidylserine > Flashcards

Phosphatidylserine Flashcards

1
Q

phosphotidylserine

A

important for memory/cognition

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2
Q

phosphotidylcholine

A

major constituent of cell membrane, and pulmonary surfacant

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3
Q

phosphotidyethanolamine

A

composing 25% of all phospholipids, found in nervous tissue such as white matter

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4
Q

diphosphatidylglycerol

A

cardiolipin, found in inner mitochondrial membrane

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5
Q

distinguish sphingomyelins from glycolipids and phosophoglycerides

A

phosoglycerides are connected to a glycerol via an ether bond: simplest form is phosphotidate
-two fatty acids using ether bonds to glycerol, which has a phosphate group attach to it’s end alcohol

sphingoymyelin uses a sphingosine instead of a glycerol and an amide bond to its fatty acid tails; it’s phosphate attached group is a phosphorylcholine.

glycolipids use the amide bond to the fatty acids, and have a sugar connected to its alcohol instead of a phosphate group

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6
Q

Cerebroside

A

a glycolipid

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7
Q

archea

A

resistant to pH and temp changes because of ester bonds to fatty acid chains

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8
Q

micelles versus bilayer formation

A

membranes have to be treated with detergents or salts to disrupt their associations; single lipids can then form micelles, without the detergent to they prefer the bilayer

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9
Q

F.R.A.P

A

fluorescence recovery after photo bleach technique

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10
Q

lateral movement versus flip flops

A

proteins move laterally, no flip flops except once in several hours

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11
Q

membrane asymmetry

A

interior and exterior are different in appearance

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12
Q

Site of glycosylation of membrane

A

ECM side; no glycosylation occurs on the inside membrane of the cell

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13
Q

glycocalyx

A

important feature in cells, especially epithelia with microvilli

  • cell signaling
  • act as antibodies that target foreign carbohydrate molecules
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14
Q

Where is cholesterol found in cell membranes?

A

large amounts are found in both leaflets

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15
Q

RME

A

utilizes fusion of a vesicle to a membrane, protein and snap involved

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16
Q

mitochondrial fission

A

postulated mechanism for mito division, not simple pinching but more along side bacterial fission

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17
Q

mitochondrial fusion, definition and requirements

A

“salvage” process involving organelle collision

one will fuse with another to save it; if it’s beyond repair it will be destroyed

requirements: sufficiently large electrochemical gradient must be present across the inner membrane

elevated GTP levels must be available for hydrolysis

18
Q

Protein imports into mitochondria

A

Protein import: protein has to be unfolded, thread through, and then reassembled in the interior, inner and outer membranes form transient channels between themselves

ATP dependent

19
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Monotopic, bitopic, polytopic = integral

protein associated, acyl anchored, phospholipid associated = associated polypeptides

20
Q

transporters are mostly

A

polytopic, transmembrane, integral membrane proteins

21
Q

List of integral proteins

A

monotopic: cytochrome b5
bitopic: receptor tyrosine kinase
polytopic: plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA), sodium channel, calcium channel

22
Q

List of membrane associated proteins

A

protein to protein: calmodulin
protein attached to phospholipid: annexin, spectrin
protein attached to acylation: nitric oxide synthase
protein attach by carbohydrate GPI anchor: Thy 1

23
Q

Plasma membrane facts

A

asymmetric
semi permeable
lipophilic molecules cross via diffusion
impermeable to hydrophilic/polar molecules- need transport mechanism
membrane proteins facilitate the transport of specific molecules across the membrane

24
Q

What governs the biochemical/metabolic characteristics of a cell?

A

expression of specific transporters: can execute only those reaction whose substrates can be take up

25
Q

a means of regulating metabolism might involve

A

altering expression of transporter levels

26
Q

free energy is associated with what kind of arrangement of molecules?

A

unequal distribution

27
Q

establishing a gradient implies that

A

ATP was used in setting up the gradient

28
Q

free energy is stored

A

by a previous expenditure of ATP

29
Q

Uncharged Molecule Formula

A

alpha G = 2.303 RT log 10 (C2/C1)

R is the gas constant
T temperature
C1 is the concentration on side 1
C2 is the concentration on side 2

30
Q

Charged molecule Formula

A

2.303 RT logs subscript 10, (c2/c1) + ZFV

Z= electrical charge of the transported species
F= Faraday’s constant
alpha V = membrane potential

31
Q

Equilibrium constants

A

C1 = C2

G = 0

+ values for G mean active transport

32
Q

P type ATPases

A
  1. 70 proteins in human genome
  2. integral membrane proteins
  3. utilize ATP hydrolysis to transport against gradients
  4. Transporter forms a covalent bond with the phosphate to form an enzyme phosphate intermediate
  5. Phosphorylation on a conserved aspartate residue
33
Q

P type ATPase details

A
  1. establish a gradient using ATP (transforming it into ADP)
  2. forms covalent bond with phosphate to form “enzyme-phosphate” intermediate
  3. phosphorylation occurs on an aspartate residue
34
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump, stoichiometry ratio and percentages

A

3 Na; 2 K/ mol ATP

24-40% of brain ATP used by the Na pump

35
Q

Ouabain/digitoxigenin

A

cardiac glycosides that inhibit Na/K ATPase activity

lowers Na and inhibits Na-Ca pump activity, but increases overall Ca concentration, so increases contractile force of cardiac muscle

used in treatment of congestive heart failure and dysrythmias

36
Q

Calcium as a Signaling Molecule

A

10,000-fold ECM concentration of Ca across plasma membrane

asymmetry of membrane critical for signaling in

neurotransmission
learning and memory formation
muscle contraction
gene expression

37
Q

Types of Calcium

A

j

38
Q

P Type ATPases (kinds)

A

PMCA
SERCA
Na-K-ATPase
H-K-ATPase

39
Q

Apart from the P type ATPases, name another kind of ATP utilizing proteins

A

ATP cassette transporters

multi drug resistance protein

40
Q

Calcium Regulatory Systems

A 
Calmodulin (Ca binding protein)
SERCA: calcium uptake proteins in the SR
PMCA: main cell membrane calcium regulator 
Na-Ca exchanger (anti-porter) (secondary active transport) 
calcium channels (voltage/ligand gated)
Ryanodine receptors 
TRP channel
IRP receptor
41
Q

PMCA: how it works

A

pumps calcium to extracellular side
transports 1 Ca/1 ATP
stimulated by calmodulin
plays important cole in calcium homeostasis an in neuronal signaling

Biochem (17 decks)

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