Governance Flashcards

(119 cards)

1
Q

Poverty

A

300k Bangladeshi labour migrants in 2005, 900k in 2009 - 2/3 work in Gulf states
Remmitences account for half average income of rural households
Poverty rate 70% in 1971, 40% in 2005
2 mil garment workers made unemployed and 24.5 mil new poor due to covid

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2
Q

Primary commodities

A

60% of UK cocoa beans from Ghana
Choc industry worth £4B

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3
Q

Poor access to markets

A

All tomato processing plants shut by 2021 in Ghana
Farmers on 80p a day

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4
Q

Schengen

A

Made in 1985
Germany took in 1.1m refugees

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5
Q

When did migration act stop mass migration

A

1971

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6
Q

Superpowers

A

Uk had dominant naval powers in 1800s
US has dominated world affairs since 1945

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7
Q

Global hubs

A

East London tech city 2010 - £50M donation by pm in 2012
1340 businesses
70% increase in rent prices in past 15 yrs

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8
Q

Remittances

A

India has received most since 2008
$125B in 2023
75% of fillipino households rely on it

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9
Q

Gender inequality

A

100,000py out-migrate annually in Armenia

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10
Q

Contribution to Public Finances

A

34% more in taxes than in benifits in UK in 2011 from EEA migrants
Those outside the EEA only 2% more in taxes than benifits

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11
Q

Pressure on services

A

Immigration drained UK public purse of £95B from 1995 to 2011

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12
Q

Filling labour shortages

A

Employment rate for 16-64 yr old migrants in EU is 79% compared to 74.% UK born

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13
Q

No. of refugees, Idps and asylum seekers

A

40m idps
20m refugees
42m asylum seekers waiting on responses by end of 2019

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14
Q

Internal displacement in SSA

A

6.8m displaced for conflict and 4.3m for disasters in 2020
9mil in 2022 due to conflict, 7.4mil due to disasters

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15
Q

Venezuela refugee crisis

A

7.71mil venezuelan refugees by 2023
25% requiring humanitarian aid
Poverty rate over 95%
2000 leaving the country daily
Columbia, Peru, Equador, Chile host 70%
4m in latin america still live in poverty
Reliance on 95% of export revenue
Inflation rose by 1.7m % in 2000s

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16
Q

Syrian refugee crisis

A

5mil refugees and 6mil idps - half children since 2011
16.7mil in need of humanitarian assistance
126K in Jordan

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17
Q

Refugee Convention

A

1951, protocol 1967

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18
Q

Convention relating to stateless persons

A

1954
99 states signed by 2024

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19
Q

Oxfam in Syria

A

Since 2013

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20
Q

Growth in Chinas urban population

A

18% to 31% from 1978 to 1999 - rise of 222mil

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21
Q

Influential governmental policies in rural urban migration

A

1958 Hukou loosened in 1980s
1978 Reform and open
1979 One child

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Burkina Faso displacement

A

2M IDP’s

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24
Q

Land grabs in myanmar

A

4000 in 2012
42 timber shipments from there to US in 2022

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25
Surplus of farmers in China
600mil in rural regions but only 170mil needed
26
27
Poor education in rural china vs urban
Only 1-2 out of 100 in rural make it to tertiary education compared to large proportion in urban
28
No. of rural children living apart from parents in china
61M
29
Salaries in rural china
2/3 in rural of what they are in urban average private in rural is 50K yuan while in urban it’s 72K
30
Rural chinese migrants proportion of urban labour force
40%
31
Remittances from urban to rural china
$30bil in 2005
32
Displacement due to disaster in China
6mil in 2012
33
Urban chinas proportion of countries CO2 emissions
70%
34
Housing project in china
2020 80mil sets built Helped 200mil ppl solve housing problems
35
Response of environmental damage caused by rural urban migration in china
All coal fired power plants shut by 2021 4.1bil tonnes of CO2 emissions avoided in 2023
36
Indian migrants in United Arab Emirates
2+ M
37
Kyoto Protocol
1997
38
Prevention by deterrence
7000 have died on US/Mexico borders in last 2 decades Trump rallies 2016 Became president in 2025
39
Uk point based system
Made in 2022 70 needed for visa 612K entered in 2019 In 2022 under 30K visas issued
40
No of migrants
Doubled since 1995 280mil (3.5% of pop) in 2023 80 mil in both Asia and Europe
41
UN International organisation for migration
Made in 1951 after ww2 Helped 6.5M ukrainian migrants between 2022 and 2024 and 902K from Sudan Helped 112 countries and 104 cities with migration policies
42
SS Windrush
1948
43
When EU expanded
2004 15 to 25 nations
44
Price of flights from poland to uk with Ryanair
£48
45
No of syrians with mobile phones
87/100 in 2014
46
Skype users
300m by end of 2015
47
Plastics % of marine pollution
60-90% in some studies
48
How much plastic in the ocean
46k pieces per mile sq
49
How much plastic is made annually and enters oceans
460+mil tons made annually 8mil tons discharged into oceans
50
Microplastics % of plastic leakage
Made up to 88% (20m tons) in 2019
51
Great pacific garbage patch
trillions of peices of plastic 3x size of france increased by tenfold each decade since 1945
52
53
Eutrophication
80% of ocean pollution begins on land 65% of studied estuaries and coastal areas in contiguous zone degraded by excess nutrients
54
The gulf of Mexico dead zone
8776 sq miles by 2017 6705 sq miles by 2024 but in same year entered top 3 largest recorded dead zones
55
How much petroleum enters oceans annually
210 mil gallons
56
Torrey canyon
1967 100K tons spilt killed 15k sea birds
57
Deep water horizon
2.9mil barrels spilled 2010
58
Oil spills as a % of oil entering oceans annually
5%
59
How much plastic produced in eu annually
26m tons
60
how many EU’s are worried about plastic pollution
87%
61
EU plastic pollution plan
Aims for 30% reduction by 2030 Each eu person generates 36kilos of plastic packaging waste a year on average in 2021 Increased by 29% between 2010 and 2021
62
Single use carrier bag legislation
Introduced in 2011 in Wales use declined by 71% between 2011 and 2014
63
Plastic straws ban
In England from october 2020
64
Before the ban in their use in products, how much plastic particles entered sewage system per shower in UK
100K
65
Plastiki
12,500 plastic bottles
66
Volunteering to clean Rivet Taff
March 2025 Over 1330 signed up
67
UN Actions to tackle marine pollution
1972 Convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping waste and other matter and 1996 protocol International convention for prevention of pollution from ships under unclos article 211
68
How many containers move across oceans annually
over 600 mil
69
Growth of oil tankers
Increase in size of 90% in past 2 decades MSC Oscar capacity is 19K containers
70
No of oil spills
358 in 1990s resulting in a mil tons lost 181 in 200’s
71
Exxon valdez
11 mil gallons
72
Deadline of phasing out single hulled tankers
Dec 11 2014
73
How much crossings of mediterranean provided by criminals networks
90%
74
Illegal crossings of eu borders
1.83mil in 2015
75
Ppl trafficking
Generates $30B a year 2.4 mil victims from 127 countries
76
EU Action plan against migrant smuggling
made in 2015 helped 119k migrants and refugees since 2015 strengthened in 2021
77
78
UN office on drugs and crime
2003 protocol 280 parties by 2022
79
MAREA
6644km since 2018
80
EASSY
10000km since 2010
81
82
Sea cable sabotage linking finland to estonia
xmas 2024
83
Tohuku earthquake
2011
84
2Africa
announced in 2020 aimed to be finished by end of 2025 45000 km length
85
Taiwan earthquake
2007 Magnitude 7 26 faults 49 days to recover
86
International conventions to protect sea floor data cables
1884 convention for the protection of telegraph cables 1958 International cable protection committee works with 190 organisations
87
Growth of sea floor cables
Telegraph cables in 1800s Coaxial cables in 1950’s Analogue cables in 1990s replaced by fibre optic with life span of 25 years
88
Amount of extracted oil and gas found offshore globally
1/3rd
89
The south china sea
21% global trade passed through it in 2016 In 2016 The UN declared chinas man made islands too small to have EEZ’s
90
The Falkland Islands
Argentina invaded in 1982 Britain sent 30 warships and 6000 troops to Argentina Conflict lasted 74 days
91
The Arctic Ocean
Contains 30% of undiscovered gas and 13% of global oil Ice free by 2050 1920 Svalbard treaty
92
How many of the lowest ranking countries have no coastline
8
93
Bolivia
Price is 55% higher to ship container compared to Chile Boom between 2003 and 14 lead to 4.9% rise in GDP anually and 19% decrease in poverty GDP would be 1/5th higher if had access to sea
94
Bristol Bay
7500 ppl live there (66% alaska natives) over 40mil sockeye salmon return every year fuels 14k jobs and accounts for 1/3 of alaskas salmon harvest Plan for 3.2km pit mine began 20 yrs ago which would require 35bil gallons of water US environmental protection agency in 2023
95
When was UNCLOS created
1982
96
EEZ
200nm EEZ 12nm territorial sea 24nm contiguous zone
97
Losses from overfishing
$200B a year
98
CITES
Made in 1975 Regulates trade of 35K plant and animal species Adopted by 190 countries
99
How much of oil is transported by tanker
Half globally
100
Strait of Hormuz
18mil barrels a day 25% of global oil consumption Threat of Iran blocking it in 2012 risked 50% rise in oil prices Oil exports account for 80% of Irans revenue - 20% to Europe
101
Suez Canal
5 mil barrels daily 12% global trade 400m ever given with capacity of 20k containers blocked it in 2021 $9.6bil of trade held up daily Reduced growth by 0.2 to 0.4% Cost of renting vessels jumped 47% to $2.2mil
102
The Panama Canal
1mil oil barrels daily Ships 3/4ths of US annual cargo US Partnership ended in 1999 Conflict with trump in 2025
103
Piracy
Costs $10B annually 81 incidents in Gulf of Guinea 2020 but 18 in 2024
104
Piracy in Indonesia
Increased since 1990s 237 attacks in 2000, 15 in 1993, 108 in 2015, 10 in 2024 but 3rd most targeted country that year
105
How much of the pop did britain once rule
20%
106
How much of oceans are overfished
1/3rd of global fish stocks
107
How much resources do oceans provide a year
$3trillion
108
How much of oceans have been pushed beyond their limit
30%
109
How many ppl rely on fish as main protein source
3bil
110
Lamlash Bay
Overfishing in 1980s 13 years of campaigning 2.67 sq km local NTZ established in 2008 animals and plants 2x more abundant by 2013 King scallops and lobsters 4x more abundant than in 2013 with 6x more eggs Water homes 8k species
111
Quotas between UK, Norway and EU
For 2022 Cod rollover Haddock +5% Herring +20% Plaice -12% Saithe -24% Whiting +25% Ops worth £190m Frustration in 2025
112
How many MCZ designated
41 in May 2019
113
Solway Firth MCZ
Established may 2019 45km sq
114
Aims of UN Biodiversity Conference regarding Marine Protected Areas
In 2022 aimed to increase coverage from 8% to 30% by 2030
115
Canadas Newfoundland Grandbanks
Cod numbers reduced by 93% between 1962 and 1992 Previous predictions of 400k tones of cod catches by 1990 proved wrong - only 266k by 1987 Moratorium in 1992 30K fishers and 15k jobs in related sectors lost 40K emigrated Today stocks only 10% of once were
116
North Sea Cod
International council for exploration of sea recommended 63% cut in catches in 2019 250% rise in catches in 1970’s - decreased from 270k to 44k in 2007 Early 2000s cod recovery plan Reduced by another 25% in 2009 Rose to 152k tons in 2017 - back down to 81K in 2019
117
118
UK-Rwanda Partnership
Uk would pay $170K for each relocated refugee Uk also would donate £500 mil in economic aid
119
Oxfam in Bangladesh
Has helped over 360K ppl since 2017 In general 9.2mil ppl globally with humanitarian emergencies