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Water and Carbon Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Water storage in oceans

A

1.3m cubic km - 97%

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2
Q

Water storage in cryosphere

A

26k cubic km - 2%

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3
Q

Water storage in rivers and lakes

A

178 cubic km - 0.01%

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4
Q

Water storage in soil

A

122 cubic km - 0.01%

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5
Q

Water storage in biosphere

A

0.6 cubic km - less than 0.01%

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6
Q

Average rainfall in July in Mumbai

A

945mm

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7
Q

Catchment of River Wye

A

4136 sq km

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8
Q

Average annual rainfall along River Wye

A

1010mm

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9
Q

When does the Southwest Indian monsoon occur

A

June-Sep (Summer)

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10
Q

When was storms Ciara, Dennis and Jorge

A

Feb 2020

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11
Q

How many properties did storms Ciara, Dennis and Jorge flood

A

3130 in Wales

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12
Q

What % of Bangladesh was covered by floods in 2004 the monsoon

A

50% at their peak

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13
Q

When was the heavy rain and sudden thaw after snowfall, cause intense flooding from New York, through Pennsylvania to Virginia

A

Jan 1996

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14
Q

When was hurricane Agnes

A

1972

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15
Q

When did the flooding of the Matter Vispa River cut off a ski resort in Switzerland

A

2024 June

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16
Q

How much have and will global temps rise?

A

1 degree since 1800’s
2 degrees by 2050
2-4 degrees by 2100

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17
Q

Flooding in Spain

A

Oct-Nov 2024
20 inches in Valencia in 8hrs

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18
Q

Boscastle floods

A

2004
200mm in 24hrs
peak flow 140m cubed per sec
Small catchment 23km sq

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19
Q

Bangladesh flooding

A

2004
80% floodplain and delta
70% less than 1m above sea level

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20
Q

UK Hydrological drought

A

1975 and 1976
50% of annual average rainfall
Temp exceeded 32 degrees for 7 successive days

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21
Q

Drought in Sahel

A

30% decrease in rainfall compared to 1950
Most recent 2012

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22
Q

The Aral Sea

A

Rate of sea level rise 90cm a year by 1980’s
10% of o.g size by 2007
70% of water from canals evaporated

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23
Q

London aquifer

A

60m below central London
Over abstraction in 19th century
Water table dropped by 100m
Rising 3m a year by 1990s

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24
Q

Mexico City aquifer

A

Spanish invaders in 1500s
Pumped out twice as fast as replenished
Sinking at 20inches a year
Mexico Water Utilities Efficiency Improvement Project in 2020 built water facilities in communities of over 20k ppl

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25
Carbon storage in sed rock
100m Gt
26
Carbon storage in fossil fuels
4130 Gt
27
Carbon storage in ocean
38.7K Gt
28
Carbon storage in soil
2300 Gt
29
Carbon storage in atmosphere
600 Gt
30
Carbon storage in biosphere
560 Gt
31
How much carbons transferred from rock to atmosphere
0.3b tonnes a year
32
tropical rainforests
550 GtC 180 tonnes in trees above ground 40 tonnes below Temp varies between 25 and 30 degrees
33
Temperate grassland
185 Gtc 2-10 tonnes per hectare above ground double below Temp varies from 22 to -5 degrees in winter months less that 500mm of rain a year Over 500 earthworms per sq metre 15cm of top soil passed through earthworms in 10 years Agriculture, development and invasive species has degraded 80%
34
Deforestation in Amazon
17500sq km a year between 1970 and 2013 Absorbing half as much CO2 than 20 yrs ago
35
Agriculture
Soil carbon storage decreased by 50% in farmed areas
36
Great plains in USA dust bowl
Wind soil erosion between 1920s and 30s stripped top soil of 65 mil hectares
37
Pete marsh
Wilmslow, Cheshire 1984 2000 years old
38
Peatlands
5-10m deep Stores double amount of carbon than in forest 250 Gt globally 30% of Wales carbon storage
39
Uk Peatlands
Only 20% not degraded
40
Scotland peatlands
Cover 20%, storing 1.7BtC 70% of blanket and 90% of raised damaged 1900 ha burnt a year
41
Peatland drainage
releases 1.7GtC annually
42
Ireland peatlands
Cover 21% 80% degraded Quantity and quality declined since 1940s
43
Southern pennines peatlands in Yorkshire
Managed since 2008 By 2019 32k ha restored
44
Project Cors Goch Trawsfynadd
From 2012 to 2023 Cleared 73b worth of principality stadiums of invasive species by 2023 150 dams 5400m of low land peatlands installed
45
IUCN Peatland code
200 reg projects by 2025 Established 2015
46
Increase in carbon emissions
280ppm in 1750 to 406ppm in 2017
47
Fossil fuel combustion
Responsible for 75% human induced carbon emissions 1000kg cement releases 900kg of CO2
48
Land use change
Agriculture takes up 40% of Earths surface In 5 years Amazon has lost 23.7m ha of forest Adds 0.8 to 1.6GtC to atms annually
49
Distribution of CO2 emissions
Developed countries - 80% China - 12000m metric tonnes in 2023 USA - 5000m metric tonnes in 2023
50
Solar energy radiation
70% reaching earth is reradiated
51
Wetter winters in UK
25% wetter than 1961’s to 1990’s
52
Ocean acidity increase
30% since 1970s
53
Wildfires in Australia
2019 and 20 50m acres of forest burnt 130tC released per hectare
54
Future sea level rise in China
Could inundate 56.8km sq of coast
55
Sea level rise
Currently 3.4mm a year Threshold between 1.7 to 2.3 degrees above pre-industrial levels
56
Albedo of ice
80%
57
Greenland ice sheet
Potential to rise sea level by 23ft if all melted
58
Clouds albedo
Account for half of Earths albedo
59
Great Barrier Reef
40% of coral killed last year Current pH 8.1 - drop of 0.1 since industrial revolution Coral stop growing below 7.8 pH will decrease further 0.5 by end of century
60
Permafrost
25% Earth affected by it Frozen for 2+ yrs Covers 2/3 of Russia Gt methane will be released from it by 2100

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