Tectonics Flashcards
(23 cards)
Original of Eyjafjallajökul, Iceland
2010
500m long fissure volcano
Began march 20, more powerful eruption on april 14
Eyjafjallajökul hazards
Ejection of fine, glass-rich ice 26K ft into atms resulting in 10km high ash plume
Jükulhlaup peak flow 15000m cubed per sec
Short term impacts Eyjafjallajökul
100k jet engines blocked and flight cancellations
700 evacuations
2.8mil tons less CO2 emmited due to flight bans
0 deaths
Long term impact’s Eyjafjallajökul
€3.75b in worldwide losses
Respiratory issues lasting 3-4 years after eruption
Icelandic meteorological office improved monitoring and preparedness as of 2024
Mount Nyiragongo, DRC
2002
10km away from Goma
Hazards Nyiragongo
Huge Lava flows covered 15% of Goma
Short term impacts Nyiragongo
A third of Goma destroyed and 12500 homes by lava
250 killed mainly from CO2 poisoning
400K evacuated to avoid lava
120K made homeless
400K displaced
80% of airport airstrips covered in lava
2/4 of hospitals buried in lava
Mitigation Nyiragongo
UN sent 260 tons of food
Oxfam sent 33 tons of water-cleaning equipment
Catholic relief service allocated $50K initially for food blankets soap and shelter
Nyiragongo 2nd eruption
2021
Lava same path to 2002 eruption
32 deaths atleast
450K displaced or evacuated
hundreds of homes and 3 health care centres destroyed
Guatemala Fuego Volcano
2018
Pyroclastic flows caused nearly 200 deaths
8500 hectares of crops destroyed
Nevado Del Ruiz Eruption
1985
8000 ppl made homeless
23000 deaths (70% of pop)
60km/h lahars
Mount St Helens
1980
2.9km cubes of material travelled at 250km an hr for 20km killing 57 ppl
Haiti, the Caribbean Origin
Epicentre 25km from Port-au-Prince
7.0 magnitude
2010
Haiti short term impacts
220K deaths
300K injuries
1.3M made homeless
60% of gov and administrative buildings and 80% of schools damaged
Haiti mitigation
Nearby towns prepared for 10’s of thousands of refugees
British red cross removed 149k cubic metres of rubble, assisted 81K households with financial support, provided 100’s of thousands of households with blankets, cooking equipment, mosquito nets and food
UK gov donated £20m towards rebuilding, structural damage assessments, insurance schemes
Japan, Tohuku Earthquake origin
2011
Magnitude 9
Tohuku short term impacts and hazards
Tsunami with wave heights of nearly 40m
15.9K deaths, 6157 injured, 470K evacuated
300K buildings, 2000 roads, 56 bridges, 26 railways destroyed
Even areas 300km away from epicentre affected
27k structures sank or tilted
300 hospitals damaged, 11 destroyed
Long term impacts tohuku
230k remained displaced after 4 years
$31m in Hawaii, $100m in California of damage
Tohuku mitigation
100K members of japanese self-defence force rapidly mobilised
10 year reconstruction plan including additional 2.1% tax for citizens and businesses
By April 2022, 400k+ back in new or rebuilt homes
Peru earthquake
1970
25km from peru triggered a landslide on Mt Huascaran 130km away, travelling at 200km/h, adding 20K to death toll
Nepal earthquake
2015
Avalanche on mt everest killed 20 ppl
8900 deaths
600 structures damaged or destroyed
Indian Ocean Tsunami origin, hazards and impacts
9.1 magnitude
reached heights of over 30m
228k deaths
3:1 ratio in deaths of women to men
Indian ocean tsunami mitigation
Early warning system set up showed success in run up to earthquake in 2012
Between 2004-9 oxfam helped 2.5mil ppl with shelters blankets, clean water, food
Over past decade international funding has consistently failed to meet 1/3 of humanitarian need outlined in UN appeals
