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DVM2: Veterinary bacteriology/mycology > Gram + aerobes > Flashcards

Gram + aerobes Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Staphylococcus morphology & species (w diseases)

A

Gram + cocci in clumps

S. aureus = cows (mastitis)
S. pseudintermedius = dogs (pyoderma + others)
S. hyicus = pigs (greasy pig disease/exudative dermatitis)

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2
Q

Staphylococcus virulence factors
(true for all Staphylococcal disease)
(13)

A

Adhesins
Halotolerant/fatty acid tolerant
Antiphagocytic capsule
Staphyloferrin B siderophore
Chemotaxis Inhibiting Protein (CHIPS)
Protein A = binds Fc > inh opsonisation/complement
Clumping factor
Exoenzymes (staphylocoagulase, hylauronidase)
Exotoxins:
- α-toxin (haemolysin) + leucocidins > suppuration
- Exfoliative toxin > skin exfoliation
- Enterotoxins
- Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) superAg

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3
Q

Staphylococcus - habitat (2)

A

Skin surface

Mucocutaenous jcn

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4
Q

Staphylococcus - host factors (3) & defence

A

Wounds
Hair follicles / skin glands
Hypersensitivity rxn (esp arthropod allergies)
Defence = phagocytosis (neut’s)

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5
Q

Pyoderma, otitis externa, abscesses, wound infections etc. in dogs

  • Agent
  • Pathogenesis
A

S. pseudintermedius

  • Damage to skin integrity = wounds, allergies (flea bite/tick pyaemia), seborrhoea, maceration, glucocorticoids
  • Suppuration + abscessation
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6
Q

Tick pyaemia

A

Staphylococcus spp. (esp S. pseudintermedius in dogs)

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7
Q

Staphylococcal bovine mastitis

  • Forms (3)
  • Transmission
A 
Peracute = fatal in young cows > gangrenous dt α-toxin
Subacute = heat/swelling/induration of affected quarter
Subclinical = high ICCC + decreased milk prod'n

Transmission = via milking machines

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8
Q

Greasy pig disease (exudative epidermitis)

  • Agent & virulence factors (3)
  • Source of agent
  • Predisposing host factors (2)
  • Disease characteristics
A

Staphylococcus hyicus (fibrinolysin, exfoliative exotoxin, no α-toxin)

  • Source = skin of pigs
  • Predisposition = environmental stress, vit B deficit
  • Acute, contagious, generalised, non-pruritic disease of young pigs (w high mortality)
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9
Q

Antibiotic tx for Staphylococcal disease

- Large animals vs small animals

A 
Bo = Penicillin G (benzyl penicillin)
Ca = ampicillin, amoxycillin
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10
Q

Streptococcus spp.

  • Morphology
  • Environment
A

Gram + cocci in chains
Mucous membranes (mouth/URT/GIT/genital tract)
Pyogenic pathogens

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11
Q

Virulence factors of Streptococcus (5)

A 
Adhesins (lipotechoic acid + M protein)
Capsules (hyaluronic acid or polysacch) = anti-phag
M protein = anti-phagocytic
Haemolysin (streptolysins O/S)
Exoenzymes (proteinases, streptokinases)
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12
Q

Tx of Streptococcus

A

Tx = penicillin G (narrow spectrum, no resistance)

Tx = drain abscesses + isolate

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13
Q

Streptococcal bovine mastitis

  • Source of infection
  • Cause of dz
  • Tx
A

Streptococcus agalactiae > S. dysgalactiae / S. uberis

  • Source = obligate parasite of udder ductular tissue
  • Acute cases = faulty milking machine, poor hygiene
  • Tx required = benzyl penicillin (no resistance)
  • Variable milk quality
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14
Q

Strangles

  • Agent
  • Source of agent
  • Disease characteristics/progression
A

Streptococcus equi subsp equi
- Obligate parasite of equine nasopharynx/guttural pouch

Acute, contagious, purulent infection of pharyngeal mucosa > local lymphadenitis/LN abscessation > abscess rupture > recovery

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15
Q

Strangles VFs (3)

A

M protein = ↓ phagocytosis, adhesin
Hyaluronic capsule = ↓ phagocytosis
Streptolysin O (haemolysin) = damages phagocytes

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16
Q

Strangles defence + immunity

A 
Defence = humoral anti-M protein Ab
Immunity in 70% of recovered horses 
- Ab in colostrum = neonatal immunity
- Cell-free vax available
- Carrier animals = reservoir
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17
Q

Strangles transmission/infection route

A

Transmission = oral/nasal route
Infection = direct/indirect contact w infectious secretions
- feeding troughs, flies
- outbreaks in horses in close confinement

Agent persistent in pus/secretions in environment

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18
Q

Endometritis in mares

  • Agent
  • natural environment
  • other dz’s
A

Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
- Commensal of skin/URT/genital mucous membranes

Dz = wound infections, secondary URT infection (after viral infection), genital infections in mare, neonatal infection > septicaemia/athritis

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19
Q

What causes S. equi subsp zooepidemicus to cause endometritis in mares?

A

Impaired bacterial clearance mechanisms of uterus (e.g. during luteal phase)

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20
Q

Zoonotic meningitis, arthritis, sepsis, pneumonia in young pigs

A

Streptococcus suis

- Commensal of tonsils/nasal cavity of all pigs

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21
Q

Feline/canine Streptococci

A

S. canis = dog/cat lymphadenitis + other inf’s =

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22
Q

Arthritis/polyarthritis in pigs

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp dysgalactiae

Streptococcus suis

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23
Q

Lymphadenitis in pigs

A

Streptococcus porcinus

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24
Q

Rattles (equine)

  • Source of infection
  • Dz characteristics
A

Rhodococcus equi (gram + cocci/coccobacilli)

  • Soil/dust + multiplies in dung
  • Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia + GI ulceration
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25
Rattles VFs (4)
Polysaccharide capsule = ↓ phagocytosis VapA gene > virulence associated protein = ↓ phagosome function Facultative intracellular parasite (in alveolar MPS/PMNs) No toxin
26
Rattles - Susceptible animals - Pathogenesis - Tx - Immunity
Young foals w waning maternal Ab Infection via inhalation/ingestion > granulomatous abscess > suppuration/abscessation in bronchial LNs > cough/rattles > exhaled in aerosols Tx = azithromycin CMI + Ab immunity important Zoonosis reported
27
Mycobacterium spp. - Morphology - Environment
Gram + rods Obligate aerobes Saprophytic or obligate intracellular parasites (RES)
28
Mycobacterium VFs (5)
Lipid-rich cell wall Cell wall mycolipids/phospholipids = inhibit phag-lys fusion Mycolic acid (cell wall) = protects against macroph killing Tuberculoprotein = delayed type HS response No toxin
29
Host factors in Mycobacterium infection (3)
Intracellular parasites TF CMI (macroph) Breed-related susceptibility (Jersey > SE Asian) Stress (calving, heavy lactation) > dz/shedding
30
Environmental factors of Mycobacterium (2)
Carrier animals = reservoir of infection | Resistant in environment (drying, pH)
31
Bovine tuberculosis | - Dz characteristics
Mycobacterium bovis - Chronic granulomatous lesions of lung/GIT/other organs - Tubercles are encapsulated + calcified > stress = shedding
32
Bovine TB infection route + resulting disease
Ingestion > GIT > mesenteric LNs > liver, lungs Inhalation > alveolar macroph > lung lesions > local LN > lymphatics/blood > other organs
33
Bovine TB epidemiology
Extensive systems = inhalation > pulmonary TB Intensive systems = ingestion > GI TB Contaminated environment Wildlife reservoirs (possums, pigs) Eradicated from Aus
34
Is Mycobacterium bovis zoonotic?
Yes - cervical adenitis in children from drinking unpasteurised milk
35
Bovine TB tx
Macrolide AB (azithromycin) = gram + aerobes
36
Johne's disease
Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis
37
Johne's disease characteristics JD route of infection JD transmission
Chronic contagious enteritis (distal SI) of sheep/cattle Infection early in life > long incubation period (>2y) Faeco-oral route (ingestion > invasion of ileal mucosa) Shedding by carrier animals - High stocking density important
38
JD clinical signs | JD necropsy signs
Malabsorption > chronic wasting + (pea-soup) diarrhoea Protein-losing enteropathy > hypoalbuminaemia > bottle jaw + ascites PM = thickened intestinal mucosa w corrugations
39
JD parasite factors (3)
Intracellular parasite of macrophages Depresses Th cell activity Fe-dependent
40
JD host factors (3)
Infection early in life > prolonged incubation period Infection as adult > no disease + shedding (TF reservoir) Disease precipitated by stress (calving, heavy lactation)
41
JD environmental factors (3) JD epidemiology (2)
Stress = climatic conditions/nutritional shortages Climate = temperate regions Stocking density = ↑ facilitates transmission Contaminated environment important (resistant to dessication) Endemic in Aus (NSW/Vic/SA/Tas)
42
JD vax
Live vaccine > ↓ clinical disease but doesn't affect infection rate/shedding
43
JD zoonosis
Crohn's disease - no causal link
44
Avian tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium ssp avium
45
Avian TB disease & pathogenesis Dz in pigs Zoonosis?
Ingestion of contaminated food/water/soil > caseous nodules in GIT, liver, spleen + GI ulceration > emaciation, joint swelling > shed in faeces (↑ numbers) Causes submandibular LN abscesses in pigs Zoonotic potential in immunocompromised (AIDS)
46
Avian TB epidemiology & environmental factors
Rare in birds < 1yo Extended survival in environment > environmental contamination + reinfection Worldwide distribution
47
Cat leprosy
Mycobacterium lepraemurium | - Nodular cutaneous lesions on heads/limbs of cats ± draining LNs
48
Cat leprosy - source of infection
Rat bites
49
Corynebacterium morphology
Gram + pleomorphic rods in palisade arrangements
50
Cheesy gland/caseous lymphadenitis agent
Corynbacterium pseudotuberculosis | - Sheep/goats
51
Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses agent
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
52
Cheesy gland parasite VFs (3)
Leucotoxic surface lipid = destroys PMN WBCs > persistence in abscesses Pyogenic factor = cell wall component Phospholipase haemolytic exotoxin = ↑ vasc perm > early dissemination
53
Cheesy gland pathogenesis in sheep
Agent entry via skin wound (shearing)/macerated skin (wetting) > localised skin lesion (heals quickly) > dissemination to draining LNs (exotoxin important) > phagocytosis, intracellular multiplication, PMN cell death (leucotoxin) > chronic purulent abscesses > continuing fibrosis = encapsulated abscess + layered appearance May enter lymphatics/blood > generalised lymphadenitis, pyaemia, anaemia, cachexia
54
Cheesy gland pathogenesis in goats
Agent entry via oral abrasions (dt grazing habits of goats)
55
Cheesy gland epidemiology (2) CG control (3)
↑ incidence with age (dt ↑ chance of exposure) Discharge from abscesses > contaminate environment (soil, shears - esp wet/faeces-rich) Shear/dip young sheep before old Keep dips clear of organic matter Toxoid vaccine
56
Is cheesy gland zoonotic? risk factors?
yes - lymphadenitis Close contact w sheep
57
Cheesy gland tx CG outcomes (2)
Penicillin (sensitive) Encapsulated abscess = drug doesn't penetrate ↓ morbidity/mortality Carcasse condemnation
58
Bovine pyelonephritis | Ovine balanoposthitis/vulvitis (pizzle rot)
Corynebacterium renale
59
Pizzle rot/pyelonephritis VFs (3)
Tropism for renal medulla Pili = attachment to UGT mucosa Urease (urea > NH3) = necrosis/ulceration
60
Bovine pyelonephritis - pathogenesis
Commensal of lower UGT > ascending UTI (F predisposed dt short/wide urethra + pregnancy) > cystitis > ureteritis > pyelonephritis > necrosis, congestion, chronic inflamm/fibrosis Clin signs = lumbar pain, haematuria, pyouria, poor BCS Older cows > young
61
Ovine pizzle rot/vulvitis risk factors (2) + pathogenesis
Commensal of lower UGT Risk factors - high pasture E2 > preputial swelling > - ↑ dietary protein > ↑ [urea] of urine > urine accumulation in poorly developed penis (retracted in prepuce) > ulceration/scabbing = balanoposthitis > urinary obstruction = extension of lesions > complete obstruction = toxaemia/sepsis
62
Trueperella pyogenes morphology
Gram + pleomorphic rod
63
T. pyogenes - examples of diseases
Commensal of mucosal surfaces Non-specific suppurative lesions in catte/sheep/pigs (secondary infections) - Liver abscesses (bo) - Pyogenic mastitis (bo) - HW disease (bo) - Foot abscesses (ov) = footrot - Pneumonia (po) Mixed infection w Fusobacterium necrophorum
64
Trueperella pyogenes VFs (2)
``` Haemolytic exotoxin (pyolysin) Predilection for closed cavities (udder) ```
65
Tx of Trueperella pyogenes
Penicillin sensitive (doesn't penetrate lesions though) Anti-pyolysin Ab protective No vax
66
Nocardia asteroides morphology Environment Location when pathogenic
Gram + filamentous rods Saprophytic - soil, decaying organic matter Facultatively intracellular parasite Strict aerobe
67
Nocardiosis diseases (3)
Chronic suppurative/granular respiratory infections > haematogenous spread Chronic granulomatouus skin lesions Acute mastitis
68
Nocardia asteroides VFs (2)
No toxin | Virulent strains inhibit phag-lys fusion
69
Tx of Nocardiosis
Trimethoprim-sulfonamide | resistant to penicillin
70
Nocardiosis - host factors (3) Immunity (2)
Dogs > other sp M > F Young (<2yo) > old CMI important Immunosuppression > systemic dz
71
Lumpy wool Strawberry footrot Cutaneous streptothricosis Rain scald
Dermatophlius congolensis | - Obligate animal parasite in uncornified layers of epidermis
72
Lumpy wool (+ others) disease characteristics
Proliferative, exudative dermatitis + scab formation
73
Life cycle of agent causing lumpy wool
Dermatophilus congolensis | > Long branching filaments > broaden into wide filaments > septation into cocci > divide + become motile
74
Lumpy wool/strawberry footrot risk factors (8)
``` Chronic wetting (↑ rainfall in spring) ↑ ambient T/humidity Intercurrent disease (orf virus) Ectoparasites (hypersensitivity) Abrasions Wax content of fleece (TF waterproofing) Age (young > old) Carrier animals ``` Lumpy wool predisposes to fly strike
75
Lumpy wool pathogenesis
Transmission by direct/indirect contact > proliferation in epidermis > exudation + scab/crust formation > regeneration of epidermal layers = layered scab (cornified epidermis/exudate) > coalescing scabs = large areas affected
76
Is lumpy wool zoonotic
Yes - humans handling animals
77
Porcine pyelonephritis/UTI
Atinobaculum suis
78
Lumpy jaw agent + morphology + O2 requirement
Actinomyces bovis Gram + branching filament Obligate anaerobe
79
Lumpy jaw pathogenesis
Commensal of oral cavity > Injury to buccal mucosa (coarse feed, shedding teeth) = pathogen entry > local pyogranulomatous lesions in mandible/maxilla (at site of entry) w S granules > pus discharge through fistulous tracts > extension to soft tissues + bone
80
Lumpy jaw tx
Sensitive to penicillin (G)
81
Listeria morphology
Gram positive rod | Motile at low T
82
Forms of listeriosis (5)
Adult ruminants: - Meningoencephalitis (via CN V) - Abortion - Keratoconjunctivitis - Mastitis Neonatal lambs: septicaemia
83
Listeria monocytogenes VFs (4)
``` Growth at low T Surface protein (internalin) = cell invasion Haemolysin = phagosome lysis Surface protein (Act A) = facilitates transfer ``` Facultative intracellular parasite
84
Listeriosis - host factors (5)
Subclinical infection common CMI - macrophages Immunocompromise/pregnancy = ↑ susceptibility Oral wounds allow entry > CN V > brain
85
Meningoencephalitis/meningitis (circling disease) in ruminants
Listeria monocytogenes
86
Circling disease pathogenesis (ruminants)
``` Inhalation/conjunctival contamination > entry through oral wounds > ascending infection along CN V > localisation in brain > white matter granulomas + perivascular cuffing ```
87
Circling disease clin signs (ruminants) (6)
``` Unilateral facial paralysis Circling Deviation of the head Depression Head pressing Progressive paralysis > death ```
88
Listeriosis environmental factors (2)
Ubiquitous (cool climates/seasons) | Poorly fermented silage (pH > 5.5)
89
Pathogenesis of ruminant abortions - Listeria monocytogenes
Infection of pregnant animal > bacteraemia > localisation in uterus >invasion of foetal/placental tissue > foetal death > abortion (w RFM)
90
What are the risk factors for zoonotic listeriosis?
Food borne infection (milk/cheese) > meningitis in neonates/elderly > abortions in pregnant women High infectious dose
91
Erysipelothrix morphology
Slender gram + rods in filaments
92
Erysipelas in pigs - agent | - Disease forms (3)
Erysepelothrix rhusiopathiae Bacteraemia > - arthritis and/or endocarditis - skin lesions (diamonds) Septicaemia
93
Tx of listeriosis
Ampicillin | Amoxy-Clav
94
Erysipelothrix VFs (4)
Virulent strains = invasive Adhere to intestinal epithelium Neuraminidase = vascular dmg/thrombosis Antiphagocytic capsule
95
Tx of erysipelas
Penicillin
96
Host factors of erysipelas (4)
``` Carrier animals (pigs) < > environment Ag persists in avascular joints/heart valves > immunopathological rxns (arthus) Humoral immunity (macrophages) Age-related susceptibility (3mo-3y) ```
97
Erysipelas immunity/vax (2)
Humoral (Ab) immunity | Killed or live attenuated vax
98
Erysipelas environmental factors (4)
Resistant to dry/salt/pH etc. Survive in environment Extensive pig raising Feeding fish meal
99
Swine erysipelas pathogenesis
Oral/percutaneous transmission > adhere to GI epithelium > bacteraemia + vasculitis/thrombosis > localisation in heart/skin/joints or sepsis
100
Clinical manifestations of swine erysipelas (4)
Acute sepsis = febrile, bright red diamond skin lesions > death Urticaria = mild, non-fatal, purple skin lesions Chronic form = vegetative endocarditis, non-suppurative arthritis
101
WHat is erysipeloid?
Zoonosis via Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae - Acute skin inflammation via skin wounds - Animal handlers
102
Bacillus morphology, environment, key feature
Large gram + rods Soil/water - multiply in environment Endospore-forming = resistant, long lived
103
Anthrax VFs (2 - subparts)
Plasmid-encoded VFs: Poly-D-glutamic acid capsule = antiphagocytic Exotoxin - made of 3 proteins - Protective Ag (PA) = binds receptors + forms channels - Oedema factor (EF) = adenylate cyclase > electrolyte/fluid loss - Lethal factor (LF) = metalloprotease > IL-1 release from macrophages ``` LF+PA = lethal toxin > cell death EF+PA = oedema toxin > cell death ```
104
Diseases caused by Bacillus spp.
B. anthracis = anthrax | B. cereus = acute mastitis/abortion in cattle
105
Anthrax - host factors (2)
Herbivores most susceptible | Overprod'n of IL-1/TNF > endothelial dmg > acute CV shock
106
Anthrax - immunity
``` anti-exotoxin Ab protective Attenuated vax (no capsule) available ```
107
Anthrax - environmental factors (4)
↓ pCO2 > endospore formation Anthrax belt = west NSW Seasonal = warm, humid weather Outbreaks = scarce feed > oral abrasion
108
Septicaemic anthrax pathogenesis
``` Ingestion of spores > local multiplication + local LNitis > bacteraemia > cleared by spleen RES > exceeds splenic clearance capacity > multiplies in blood > death dt hypovolaemic shock ```
109
Septicaemic anthrax clin signs (
Enlarged, pulpy (strawberry jam) spleen Rapid decomposition of carcass Black exudate from body orifices
110
Zoonotic anthracosis
``` Cutaneous anthrax > spore ingestion > black eschars > local LNitis > death ```

DVM2: Veterinary bacteriology/mycology (9 decks)

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