GRAM-NEGATIVE Flashcards
1
Q
Gram-Negative Cocci
A
Neisseria
Moraxella
Veillonella
2
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae shape
A
diplococcus, “imparting kidney bean.”
3
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factors
A
pili (hairlike appendages)
OM proteins (Outer membrane proteins)
4
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical disease
A
Gonorrhea
5
Q
gonorrhea is a _____________ infection
A
sexually transmitted
6
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factor (pili)
A
enhances attachment to the host cell
also adds to resistance to phagocytosis
7
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factor (OM protein)
A
adhesion and attachment to host receptors.
8
Q
Gonorrhea in males
A
Urethritis = painful urination
epididymitis
orchitis
yellow, cream-like pus discharge
9
Q
Gonorrhea in females
A
1st - Endocervix, vagina, and urethra infection
2nd - Salpingitis = inflammation of fallopian tube
3rd - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease = fever and abdominal pain
Mucopurulent discharge = thick mucus-like
10
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the bloodstream
A
Bacteremia
Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
Gonococcal endocarditis
11
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment
A
Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Crede’s method (Silver nitrate solution)
12
Q
Crede’s method (Silver nitrate solution) MOA
A
denature proteins; inhibiting adhesion
13
Q
Neisseria meningitidis POE
A
Inhalation of respiratory droplet
Nasopharynx
14
Q
Neisseria meningitidis clinical diseases
A
Bacteremia Meningococcemia
Meningococcal meningitis
15
Q
meningococci infect the bloodstream, it causes lesions called _________.
A
petechiae
16
Q
refers to the appearance on the skin as small, round (non-raised) red to purple spots. It is typically caused by hemorrhage (escape of blood from ruptured blood vessel.
A
Petechiae
17
Q
larger petechiae
A
ecchymoses
18
Q
can be a severe disease caused by your meningococcus, leading to death.
A
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
19
Q
Neisseria meningitidis treatment
A
Penicillin G
Third generation cephalosporins
- Ceftriaxone
- Cefotaxime
20
Q
is included in the same bacterial family as Neisseria due to morphological and biochemical similarities.
A
Moraxella
21
Q
is a significant opportunist pathogen that mainly affects
immunocompromised/immunosuppressed individuals.
A
Moraxella cattarhalis
22
Q
Moraxella cattarhalis clinical syndromes
A
Meningitis
Endocarditis
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Bronchopulmonary infections
Neonatal conjuctivitis
23
Q
Moraxella cattarhalis
A
Amoxicillin- clavulanate
Cephalosporins (2nd and 3rd)
TMP-SMX
24
Q
This species rarely cause diseases
A
Veillonella spp
25
Veillonella spp clinical disease
meningitis
endocarditis
osteomyelitis
26
Veillonella spp
Vancomycin
Tetracycline
Aminoglycosides
Ciprofloxacin
27
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae Coliform)
Escherichia
Klebsiella
Proteus
28
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae Non-Coliform)
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia
29
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Non-fermentative)
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Burkholderia
30
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Others related enteropathogenic)
Vibrio
Helicobacter
31
Gram-Negative Bacilli (Other miscellaneous)
Bordetella
Brucella
Francisella
Haemophilus
Legionella
Pasteurella
32
Opportunistic and most ferment lactose
Coliforms
33
Escherichia coli virulence factors
O antigen
K Antigen
H antigen
34
Antigen; somatic, liposaccharide, heat and alcohol resistant
O antigen
35
Antigen; fimbrial,polysaccharide or protein, interfere with agglutination
K antigen
36
Antigen; flagellar and movement
H antigen
37
Escherichia coli clinical diseases
UTI
Gastroenteritis
Meningitis
sepsis
38
UTI symptoms
Frequent urination
Dysuria
Hematuria
Pyuria
39
UTI can cause
cystitis
pyelonephritis
40
inflammation of the lower urinary tract (bladder).
Cystitis
41
refers to the inflammation of the upper urinary tract (kidneys).
Pyelonephritis
42
E. coli-associated diarrheal mdiseases or intestinal tract infections associated with diarrhea.
Gastroenteritis
43
Enterotoxins bind to the epithelial cells of the small intestines causing a disruption to the physiology of the cells.
Toxigenic diarrhea
44
bacteria invade the walls of the small and large intestines causing a disruption in the architecture of the tissues. This leads to injury.
Invasive diarrhea
45
Stool: larger fecal volume, little-to-no blood.
Toxigenic diarrhea
46
Stool: smaller in volume, evident blood in stool. Also includes ulceration.
Invasive diarrhea
46
Stool: smaller in volume, evident blood in stool. Also includes ulceration.
Invasive diarrhea
47
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Infantile diarrhea
48
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Traveler’s diarrhea
49
1st person to describe Klebsiella pneumonia
Lee Friedlander
50
Also called as “Friedlander’s bacillus,” colonizes the respiratory tract, causing chronic lung infections
Klebsiella pneumoniae
51
The _______ from this infection is characterized as thick a bloody, with a jelly texture and rusty appearance. Infection can progress to ___________.
sputum; abscess formation
52
often complicated urinary tract infections.
Proteus mirabilis
53
_______ urinary tract infections is often associated with Proteus mirabilis.
Catheter-associated
54
Escherichia coli treatment
Doxycycline,
TMP-SMX
Fluoroquinolones,
rifaximin,
rifamycin
55
Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule evades alveolar macrophages due to
alveoli-like capsule
56
Shigella is transmitted from person to person
food,
fingers,
feces,
flies.
57
four pathogenic species of Shigella:
S. dysenteriae
S. sonnei
S. flexneri
S. boydii
58
Shigella dysenteriae virulence factors
Endotoxins
Shiga toxin
59
Virulence factor that contributeto the bowel wall irritation during infection.
endotoxins
60
a heat-labile toxin that assists the entry of Shigella into the host.
Shiga toxin
61
Shiga toxin can function both as an
enterotoxin and a neurotoxin.
62
Shiga toxin, it affects the gut, and causes diarrhea.
enterotoxin
63
Shiga toxin, it affects the central nervous system. It can cause meningismus and coma.
neurotoxin,
64
Shigella dysenteriae clinical disease
Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery)
65
Ingestion of contaminated food/beverage is the common entry and invades the mucosa of the ileum and colon and often accompanied by ulceration.
Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery)
66
Shigellosis latter symptoms
tenesmus (rectal spasms).
Stool excretion with mucous and blood
67
refers to infections due to the Salmonella species.
Salmonellosis
68
Mainly caused typhoid fevers
Typhoidal species
69
Typhoidal species
S. typhi
S. paratyphi
70
Mainly causes infections other than typhoid such as enterocolitis and metastatic infections
Non-typhoidal species
71
Non-typhoidal species
S. enteritidis
S. cholerasius
72
Salmonella spp clinical disease
Enterocolitis
Typhoid fever (Enteric fevers)
Bacteremia
focal lesions
73
Prominent salmonella that causes enterocolitis
S. typhimirium
S. enteritidis
74
Tests for salmonella
Stool analysis for leukocytes or bacterial presence
75
Typhoid cases progress through a _______ course.
bimodal
76
Typhoid cases progress Early period:
stage of fever and constipation.
negative to stool analysis
77
Typhoid cases progress Second phase
Diarrheic/diarrheal phase
Feces excreted resemble “Pea soup” (slimy & greenish).
78
Salmonella incubation period
14 days
79
Salmonella spp treatment
Ampicillin
TMP-SMX
Third-generation cephalosporin
80
Yersinia spp
Y. pestis
Y. enterocolitica
Y. pseudotuberculosis
81
The spp that caused the black plague/black death
Yersinia pestis
82
Yersinia main agents that cause enteric infections in humans
Y. enterocolitica
Y. pseudotuberculosis
83
Black plague was spread due to
rat-infested ships.
84
Yersinia pestis vectors
Rodents with fleas
85
Fleas that proliferate Yersinia pestis
Xenopsylla cheopsis
86
Clinical manifestations of plague
Bubonic plague
Septicemic plague
Pneumonic plague
87
Gangrene in Yersinia pestis
Blackening of the digits
88
characterized by the presence of the bubo (buboes) enlarged tender nodes around areas of the neck, armpits, and groin
Bubonic plague
89
Bubonic plague often leads to this blackening of the skin, the death of the tissue, technically termed as gangrene.
Septicemic plague
90
results from direct inhalation of the organism (Y. pestis). leading to chest
pains, coughs, hemoptysis, and severe respiratory distress. leads to highly contagious sputum and respiratory droplets.
Pneumonic plague
91
Organisms under NONFERMENTATIVE GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Burkholderia
Strenotrophomonas
Achromobacter
Alkaligenes
92
are highly resistant to soaps, dyes, disinfectants, drugs, and extreme
environments. Typically found in wet areas.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
93
Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharides
Porin toxin
94
Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins which contributed to the resistance characteristic of this bacteria and less permeable to antimicrobial drugs.
Porin proteins
95
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease attained thru lumbar or
neurosurgical procedures
Meningitis
96
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease catheter-associated or instrument-related irrigating solutions
UTI
97
Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical disease from contaminated
respiratory devices
Necrotizing pneumonia
98
Pseudomonas aeruginosa other clinical disease
Wound infections
Eye infections
Otitis
Ecthyma gangrenosum
99
are contaminants found in mostly in hospital environments specifically in wet areas including soaps and disinfectant solutions.
Acinetobacter baumannii
100
Acinetobacter baumannii known virulence factor
Endotoxins
101
Acinetobacter baumannii clinical disease originated from contaminated inhalation therapy equipment. Also traced from room humidifiers and vaporizers.
Pneumonia
102
Acinetobacter baumannii clinical disease Also sepsis. From infected intravenous catheters. Highly present in patients with immune deficiencies
Bacteremia
103
Acinetobacter baumannii other clinical disease
Bacteriuria
Tissue and Wound infections
104
Formerly classified under Pseudomonas, some can be found in the hospital environment, but it is also ubiquitous in nature.
Burkholderia
105
Burkholderia spp
B. pseudomallei
B. mallei
B. cepacia complex
106
Burkholderia clinical disease
Melioidosis
107
Burkholderia typically occurs in three forms:
localized suppurative infections,
acute septicemic,
pulmonary.
108
Melioidosis enter through breaks in the skin which can lead to the acute septicemic form which can affect numerous organs.
Localized suppurative infections
109
most common form of meliodosis acquired by inhalation and transmitted through nasopharynx. It can also lead to bacteremia.
pulmonary infections
110
Melioidosis pulmonary infections causative agent
Burkholderia pseudomallei
111
causes glanders or farcy, mostly seen in horses, mules and donkeys.
Burkholderia mallei
112
has been isolated from hospital environments. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are particularly vulnerable to this infection. leads to progressive deterioration and necrotizing pneumonia and bacteremia.
Burkholderia cepacia
113
genera under related enteropathogens:
Vibrio
Aeromonas
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
114
Causative agent of cholera
Vibrio cholerae
115
Vibrio toxin is a heat-labile enterotoxin that primarily causes water and electrolyte loss.
cholera toxin
116
Vibrio cholerae is also the main cause of
epidemic cholera or Asiatic cholera
117
Cholera; Stool is described as “ ___________.” Water loss can be ___________ lost in
1 hr.
rice water; 1 liter
118
Other pathogenic Vibrio
V. parahemoliticus
V. vulnificus
119
is present in gastric mucosa and increases in prevalence with age. It is common in low-level hygiene and sanitation.
Helicobacter pylori
120
Helicobacter pylori virulence factor
proteases
ureases
121
Helicobacter pylori clinical disease
gastritis,
peptic ulcers
gastric ulcers
gastric adenocarcinoma
gastric mucosa-associated lymphomas.
