Unit 3 Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
All cocci are gram-positive EXCEPT:
A
- Neisseria
- Veillonella
- Moraxella
2
Q
All bacilli are gram-negative EXCEPT:
A
- Bacillus
- Actinomycetes
- Nocardia
- Streptomyces
- Corynebacterium, Clostridium
- Erysipelothrix
- Listeria, Lactobacillus
- Propionibacterium
3
Q
Endospores forming aerobic
A
Bacillus
4
Q
Endospores forming anaerobic
A
Clostridium
5
Q
Non-motile anaerobic endospore formers
A
Clostridium perfringens
6
Q
Non-motile aerobic endospore former
A
Bacillus anthracis
7
Q
Location of spores Clostridium
A
Centrally located
8
Q
Location of spores Bacillus
A
Terminally located
9
Q
Bacitracin source
A
Bacillus subtilis
10
Q
Polymyxin source
A
Bacillus polymyxa
11
Q
Non-endospore forming Regular (regular rods)
A
Listeria
Erysipelothrix
12
Q
Non-endospore forming Irregular Aerobic
A
Corynebacterium
Nocardia
Streptomyces
13
Q
Non-endospore forming Irregular Anaerobic
A
Propionibacterium
Lactobacillus
14
Q
Types of Clostridium Neurotoxic group
A
C. tetani
C. botulinum
15
Q
Types of bacillus
A
B. anthracis
B. cereus
16
Q
Bacillus anthracis resevoir
A
cows and sheep
soil
17
Q
Bacillus anthracis Mode of transmission
A
Injured skin – CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
Mucous membrane – GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
Respiratory Tract – INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX
18
Q
Types of Clostridium Gas gangrene/Histotoxic
A
C. perfringens
19
Q
Types of Clostridium Difficile group
A
Clostridioides difficile
20
Q
(elongated filamentous rods)
A
Actinomycetes
21
Q
Actinomycetes types aerobic
A
Nocardia asteroids
Actinomadura madurae
22
Q
Actinomycetes types anaerobic
A
Actinomycetes israelii
23
Q
club-shaped rods
A
Corynebacterium
24
Q
(elongated filamentous rods) Genus
A
Nocardia
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fat rods
Propionibacterium
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(shapes vary. Can also be aerobic)
Lactobacillus
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Special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell which protects a bacterium from adverse environmental
conditions.
ENDOSPORES
28
Endospores account for extreme resistance to
heat,
chemicals,
drying, and
radiation.
29
is the commonly used stain which applies malachite green to a heat-fixed smear.
Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain
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a counterstain, is then applied to the smear to stain portions of the cell other than the endospore.
Safranin,
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Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain
malachite green
32
Endospore color after staining
green within the red/pink stained cell.
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* Catalase-positive commonly occurring in chains
* Soil is the primary habitat, spores are dispersed and distributed by means of dust, water onto plants and animals
Bacillus
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Bacillus anthracis oxygen classification
Facultative anaerobe
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are instrumental for adhering to a host’s cell and tissue.
It is also an anti-phagocytotic factor.
Capsule or Encapsulated
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Bacillus anthracis clinical disease
Anthrax
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anthrax Greek
carbuncle
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ANTHRAX types
A) Cutaneous Anthrax - CUTANEOUS or injured skin
B) Gastrointestinal - GASTROINTESTINAL
C) Inhalational/Pulmonary - PULMONARY
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CUTANEOUS anthrax manifestation
localized tissue necrosis
redness -> Black eschar
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GASTROINTESTINAL anthrax manifestation
cardiovascular shock and capillary
thrombosis caused by TOXEMIA
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Another name Inhalational/Pulmonary anthrax
Woolsorter's disease
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PULMONARY anthrax manifestations
hemorrhagic necrosis,
edema of the mediastinum,
substernal pain
then
mediastinal hemorrhage
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anthrax treatment
ciprofloxacin
doxycycline
Penicillin G
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Contaminant which multiplies readily in cooked food as rice, potatoes, and meat dishes.
Bacillus cereus
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Virulence factor of Bacillus cereus
Enterotoxins
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Types of enterotoxins
Heat-stable toxin
Heat-labile toxin
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Heat-stable enterotoxins
Found in fried food
Spore ingestion
Emetic form
48
Heat-labile enterotoxins
Found in meat, vegetables, & saucy food
Bacilli ingestion
Diarrheal form
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Bacillus cereus clinical diseases
Food poisoning
Eye infections
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Emetic form duration
Manifests 1-5 hrs after eating up to 24 hours.
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Diarrheal form incubation period
24 hours
52
Bacillus cereus treatment
Self-limiting
vancomycin
clindamycin
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Catalase-negative genera with over 200 species.
Clostridium
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Groups of Clostridium according to the mechanism of action and exotoxin produce
Neurotoxic group
Gas gangrene/Histotoxic Group
Difficile group
55
Bacillus cereus Dx resistance
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
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Produces neurotoxins that affect neural sites distant from bacteria
Neurotoxic group
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Produces hemolysins at site of infections the lyse numerous cells
Gas gangrene/Histotoxic Group
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produces enterotoxins and disease in the intestinal tract
Difficile group
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Clostridium tetani Portals of entry
Enters thru the body usually via skin penetration thru objects contaminated
60
– neurotoxin responsible for inhibiting inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA & Glycine
TETANOSPASMIN
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inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA & Glycine
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Clostridium tetani clinical disease
Tetanus
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Tetanus manifestation
Trismus (Lock Jaw)
Risus Sardonicus (sarcastive grin)
Ophisthotonos (Hypertension of the back)
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Death by tetanus is common due to
paralysis of respiratory muscles
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Tetanus treatment
Tetanus toxoid vaccine
human tetanus immune globulin
penicillin
tetracycline
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Test positive to catalase test Bacilli
Bacillus
67
test negative to catalase Bacilli
Clostridium
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neurotoxin inhibiting acetylcholine release from presynaptic nerve terminals in the ANS and motormotor endplates.
BOTULIN/BOTULINUM TOXIN
69
Clostridium botulinum clinical disease
Classical botulism / foodborne botulism
Infant botulism
Wound botulism
70
Very potent in paralyzing nerve endings
Clostridium botulinum
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Commonly from infected canned goods
Symptoms manifest with cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure instability.
Neuromuscular symptoms start at head area which include double vision, swallowing difficulty, and dizziness
Classical botulism / foodborne botulism
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Organism is introduced on weaning or with dietarysupplements like honey.
Infant botulism
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This form is commonly seen in injecting drug users.
when spore enters punctured wound, symptoms manifest such as in classical botulism.
Wound botulism
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Clostridium perfringens virulence factors
ENTEROTOXINS
ALPHA TOXIN (LECITHINASE)
THETA TOXIN (HEMOLYSIN)
75
inserts enterocyte membranes to form pores. Leads to alteration of intracellular calcium and membrane permeability and loss of cellular molecules (Clostridium perfringens)
ENTEROTOXINS
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– most potent necrotizing, hemolytic toxin which hydrolyzes lecithin. Leads to disruption of cell membranes (Clostridium perfringens)
ALPHA TOXIN (LECITHINASE)
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alters capillary permeability which is toxic to heart muscles (pore-forming)
THETA TOXIN
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Clostridium perfringens
1) Food poisoning
2) Wound Infection
3) Clostridial myonecrosis
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Infection from GAS GANGRENE which ferments carbohydrates forming gas and black fluid exudates from the skin (usually seen in diabetic patients)
Clostridial myonecrosis
80
Clostridial myonecrosis treatment
Debridement,
Amputation
cephalosporin (cefoxitin) and penicillin
Hyperbaric Oxygen
81
A minor but normal flora of the intestine
Clotridioides difficile
82
disrupts intercellular tight junctions followed by altered membrane permeability and fluid secretion
POLYPEPTIDE TOXINS
83
Clostridioides difficile clinical disease
ANTIBIOTIC-ASSIOCIATED- COLITIS (PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS)
84
Antibiotics that cause imbalance in flora
clindamycin,
cephalosporin,
amoxicillin,
ampicillin.
85
ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED- COLITIS treatment
Discontinue of antibiotics
Vancomycin
Metronidazole
86
Formerly categorized as a fungus (it appears as filamentous and branching under microscope)
Actinomycetes
86
Formerly categorized as a fungus (it appears as filamentous and branching under microscope)
Actinomycetes
87
Weakly gram (+) and weakly acid-fast bacteria
Nocardia asteroids
88
Nocardia asteroids clinical disease and misdiagnosed as PTB (Pulmonary Tuberculosis).
NOCARDIOSIS
89
NOCARDIOSIS treatment
SMZ-TMF (Sulfamethoxazole – Trimethoprim)
90
bacteria responsible– chronic disease usually on the foot which is the Madura foot
Actinomadura madurae
91
Actinomadura madurae clinical disease
Mycetoma
92
Normal flora of the mouth and GIT
Actinomyces israelii
93
Actinomyces israelii clinical disease
Actinomycosis (LUMPY JAW)
94
ACTINOMYCOSIS manifestation
Lesions,
eroding,
granulomatous (sulfur granules) abscess usually located around the mandible
95
Actinomycosis treatment
Penicillin
96
Club-shaped (swollen) arranged in palisades of Chinese characters
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Loeffler’s bacillus)
97
Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin
Diphtheria toxin (diphtherotoxin)
Fragment A: termination of protein synthesis
Fragment B: entry of the toxin into the cytoplasm
98
Corynebacterium diphtheriae diagnosis
Dacron swab
99
Corynebacterium diphtheriae clinical disease
CUTANEOUS/WOUND DIPHTHERIA
PHARYNGEAL (RESPIRATORY) DIPHTHERIA
100
Corynebacterium diphtheriae diseases treatment
Diphtheria antitoxin
Penicillin and Erythromycin
101
Causes diseases in swines, turkeys, duck, and sheeps.
People are infected by direct inoculation from animal or animal product
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
102
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae clinical disease
ERYSIPELOID (Whale finger/ seal finger)
103
ERYSIPELOID forms
diffuse cutaneous form
bacteremia with endocarditis
104
Erysipeloid treatment
Penicillin G
105
* Resistant to cold, heat, salt conditions, extreme pH, and bile
* Often associated to soil and water
* Food-borne pathogen
Listeria monocytogenes
106
Listeria monocytogenes motility
Lophotrichous; tumbling
107
Listeria monocytogenes clinical diseases
Adult human listeriosis
Perinatal Human listeriosis
108
often mild with non-specific symptoms such as fever, diarrhea and sore throat. In immunocompromised individuals, it usually affects brain and meninges, resulting into septicemia. Bacterium enters the body thru the GIT after ingestion of contaminated food.
Adult human listeriosis
109
Perinatal Human listeriosis transminssion
(1) prenatally when the microbe crosses the placenta; and (2) post-natal through birth canal
110
Perinatal Human listeriosis Early onset syndrome
(granulomatosis infantiseptica)
111
results from infection in the utero while fetus was developing in womb. Usually occurs as still birth
(granulomatosis infantiseptica)
112
Listeria monocytogenes treatment
ampicillin + gentamicin ,
erythromycin,
intravenous TMP-SMX (Sulfamethoxazole- Trimethoprim
