Gram Negative Bac Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
Encapsulated
Ferments maltose and glucose
A
N. meningitidis
2
Q
Insignificant capsule
Ferments glucose only
A
N. gonorrhea
3
Q
culture-negative subacute bacterial endocarditis
A
Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae
4
Q
Enriched chocolate agar
Polyribitol Phosphate capsule
A
Haemophilus
5
Q
Borget-Gengou Agar
Regan-Lowe medium
Whooping cough
A
Bordetella pertussis
6
Q
Poorly gram staining
Silver stain
Charcoal yeast agar
AIrconditioning
A
Legionella
7
Q
Lactose fermenters - Fasy
Green sheen
A
E. coli
8
Q
Lactose fermenters
Urease positive
ESBL
A
Klebsiella
9
Q
Comma-shaped
Microaerophilic
Skirrow’s agar
A
Campylobacter
10
Q
Comma-shaped
Urease positive
Microaerophilic
A
H. pylori
11
Q
Motile
Oxidase negative
H2S producer
A
Salmonella
12
Q
Non-motile
Oxidase negative
H2S non-producer
A
Shigella
13
Q
Swarming
Oxidase negative
H2S producer
A
Proteus mirabilis
14
Q
Oxidase positive
H2S non-producer
Obligate aerobe
A
Pseudomonas
15
Q
High carriage rate in CLOSE QUARTERS:
Military recruits
Dormitories
Camps
A
N. meningitidis
16
Q
Ferments both MALTOSE and GLUCOSE
A
N. meningitidis
17
Q
Oxidase-positive colonies on chocolate agar
A
N. meningitidis
18
Q
Grows best in high
CO2 environment
A
N. meningitidis
19
Q
associated with epidemics of meningitis
A
N. meningitidis serotype A,B,C
20
Q
causes blood vessel destruction
(hemorrhage) and sepsis
A
Endotoxin (LPS)
21
Q
cleaves IgA
A
IgA protease
22
Q
Have unique proteins that can extract iron from transferrin, lactoferrin and hemoglobin
A
N. meningitidis
23
Q
allow attachment to human nasopharyngeal cells and undergo antigenic variation to avoid attack by the immune system
A
Pili
24
Q
MENINGITIS:
most common cause among aged 2-18 yrs
A
N. meningitidis
25
dissemination of meningococci into the bloodstream
multiorgan disease
consumptive coagulopathy
petechial or purpuric rash (purpura fulminans)
Meningococcemia
26
most severe form of meningococcemia
Waterhouse - Friderichsen Syndrome
27
adrenal insufficiency bilateral hemorrhagic destruction of the adrenal glands
Waterhouse - Friderichsen Syndrome
28
DOC for the treatment of meningococcal meningitis and septicemia
Ceftriaxone/ Cefotaxime
29
prophylaxis
of close contacts of
infected persons in meningococcemia
Rifampin/ Ciprofloxacin
30
contains capsular polysaccharide of strains ________________ coupled to a carrier protein (diphtheria toxoid) to enhance immunogenicity
W 135, A, C,Y
31
bean-shaped diplococcus
N. meningitidis
32
```
Cell wall contains
cytochrome oxidase
which oxidizes dye
tetramethylphenylene
diamine from colorless
to deep pink
```
C. meningitidis
33
Culture media for Neisseria Selective media:
prevents growth of
bacteria
C. meningitidis
34
(+) in Meningococci
| (-) in Gonococci
Polysaccharide capsule and Vaccine
35
Facultative-anaerobe
Ferments GLUCOSE only
Oxidase-positive
Grows best in high
CO2 environment
N. gonorrhea
36
Adherence to epithelial cells
Antigenic variation
Antiphagocytic, binds bacteria tightly to host cell protecting it from phagocytosis
Pili
37
promote
| invasion into epithelial cells
Outer Membrane Porins
38
Adherence and invasion, Opaque colonies
Opa proteins
39
Endotoxin: lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
N. gonorrhea
40
- urethritis and epididymitis in men
N. gonorrhea
41
- most common cause of urethritis
N. gonorrhea
42
- in women, which can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
N. gonorrhea
43
Complication of PID: violin-string adhesions
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
44
- the most common cause of septic arthritis in sexually active individuals
N. gonorrhea
45
- purulent conjunctivitis in newborns (Opthalmia neonatorum)
N. gonorrhea
46
DOC N. gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone plus Doxycycline (to cover for Chlamydia trachomatis – usual co-infection))
47
to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum
Erythromycin
48
Kidney bean-shaped doughnut
| Gram-negative diplococci
N. gonorrhea
49
most common cause of hyperacute
| bacterial conjunctivitis
N. gonorrhea
50
Most common site of asymptomatic gonococcal infection in women:
Endocervix
51
Satellite growth around S. aureus colonies
Haemophilus influenza
52
requires two factors for growth (both found in blood):
X factor: Hematin
V factor: NAD+
Haemophilus influenza
53
Most virulent type of Influenza
HiB
54
Most serious manifestation of Hib infection
Encapsulated Haemophilus influenza meningitis
55
Complications: sensorineural hearing loss (6%), mental retardation, seizure, deafness, and death
Encapsulated Haemophilus influenza meningitis
56
Most common cause of acute epiglottitis
HiB
57
Bucal, Periorbital Cellulitis
Haemophilus influenza
58
DOC Haemophilus Influenza
Amoxicillin +/− clavulanate - mucosal infections
| Ceftriaxone - Meningitis
59
Otitis Media in Children
Moraxella
60
DOC Moraxella
Azithromycin or Clarythromycin
61
High CO2
Neiserria spp, Haemophilus
62
Positive Quellung
Haemophilus influenza (with Strep pneumo)
63
pili rod that extends from the surface of B. pertussis, enabling the bacteria to bind to ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchi
mediates attachment
Filamentous Hemaglutinin
64
```
causes ADP ribosylation
activates G proteins that increases cAMP resulting in:
- sensitivity to histamine
- insulin release
- number of lymphocytes in blood
```
Pertussis Toxin
65
“weakens” neutrophils lymphocytes and monocytes
| inhibits phagocytosis
Extracytoplasmic Adenylate cyclase
66
kills ciliated epithelial cells
paralyze cilia
causes whooping
Tracheal cytotoxin
67
Most contagious phase of Whooping cough
Catarrhal phase
68
Phase wherein antibiotics is most effective
Catarrhal Phase
69
Culture Media: Bordatella pertussis
Bordet gengou
| Regan Lowe
70
Calcium alginate swab
B. pertussis
71
Freshwater amoebae appear to be the natural reservoir for the organisms.
Legionella
72
Airconditioning
Legionella
73
L cysteine and iron
Legionella
74
Charcoal Yeast Agar
Legionella
75
Optimal Temp 28 C - 40 C
Legionella
76
Facultative intracellular parasite
Legionella
77
Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase-peroxidase
Legionella
78
RNAase, phospholipase A and phospholipase C
Legionella
79
Endotoxin is sole virulence factor
Legionella
80
Pontiac River Disease
Legionella
81
Atypical pneumonia
Legionella
82
DOC Legionella
Azithromycin
Levofloxacin
Doxycycline
83
Silver Stain
Legionella
84
Urine Serotype 1
L. pneumophilia serogroup 1
85
Lactose-fermenting colonies on EMB or MacConkey’s agar
E. coli
86
Green metallic sheen on EMB agar
E coli
87
TSI (Triple Sugar Iron) agar shows acid slant and acid butt with gas but no H2S
E. coli
88
Fimbriae (pili): attachment/ colonization factor; causes cystitis and pyelonephritis
E coli
89
Capsule (K-antigen): causes pneumonia
E coli
90
Siderophore: obtains iron from human transferrin or lactoferrin
E coli
91
Endotoxins
Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Causes septic shock
E coli
92
LT (heat-labile):
| increases cAMP (same as cholera toxin)
E coli
93
ST (heat-stable)
| Increases cGMP
E coli
94
inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating the 60S subunit of eukaryotic cells (E. coli O157:H7, STEC, EHEC)
Shiga like toxin
95
- releases LT and ST toxins
| - traveler’s diarrhea (watery)
ETEC
96
- Watery diarrhea of long duration
- Mostly in infants, often in developing countries
- Flattens villi prevents absorption
EPEC (Plattens)
97
- Bloody diarrhea
| - with pus in the stool and fever
EIEC
98
E coli UTI DOC
Ampicillin/ Sulfonamides
99
E coli meningitis and sepsis
3rd Gen cephalosporins
100
Typing by O and H antigens
E coli (e.g. EColi O157:H7)
101
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
HUS
102
Invades submucosa of intestinal tract (distal ileum and colon), but not the lamina propria
Shigella
103
Invasion of M cells is key to pathogenicity.
Shigella
104
inactivates the 60S ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and killing intestinal epithelial cells
Shiga toxin
105
Fever and abdominal cramps diarrhea (initially watery then bloody)
Bacillary dysentery
106
DOC Shigella
Ciprofloxacin
107
Culture Media for Shigella
XLD
108
4Fs of Shigella Transmission:
Finger Food Feces Flies
109
Produces H2S
Non-lactose fermenter
Salmonella
110
Vi Antigen
Salmonella - protects from intracellular killing
111
Stepwise Fever
Typhoid week 1
112
Rose Spots
Typhoid week 2
113
Bleeding ileitis
Typhoid week 3
114
Gold standard for the diagnosis of typhoid fever
Bone Marrow Culture
115
Commonly seen in patients with sickle cell anemia or cancer
S. choleraesuis
116
DOC Salmonella
Amoxicillin
Chloramphenicol
TMP-SMX
117
Widal Test
Salmonella
118
Predilection for invasion of the gallbladder
Typhoid Fever
119
Organisms enter, multiply in Peyer’s patches, and then spread to RES
Typhoid fever
120
Contaminated raw seafood
V. parahemolyticus
121
Trauma to skin, especially in shellfish handlers,
V. vulnificus
122
Shooting Star motility
Vibrio
123
digest mucous layer so V. cholerae can attach to cells
Mucinase
124
like LT of E. coli, acts by ADP ribosylation;
| cAMP, secretion of electrolytes from the intestinal epithelium secretory diarrhea
Cholera enteroToxin
125
Washer woman’s hands sign
Cholera
126
Tetracycline or Azithromycin shortens duration
Cholera
127
V. parahemolyticus / Vulnificus
Minocycline plus Fluoroquinolone or Cefotaxime
128
Cholera Agar
TCBS
129
histologic damage to the mucosal surfaces of the jejunum
Campylobacter
130
Undercooked chicken, unpasteurized milk
Campylobacter
131
Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis
Campylobacter
132
Guillain Barre
Campylobacter
133
Reiter's Syndrome Triad (Reactive Arthritis)
Uveitis
Urethritis
Arthritis
134
DOA Campylobacter
Erythromycin
135
Optimum temp for Campylobacter
42 C
136
Oxidase-positive
Catalase-positive
Urease-positive
H. pylori
137
Damages the goblet cells of gastric mucosa
H. pylori
138
most common cause of duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis
H. pylori
139
second leading cause of gastric ulcer
H. pylori
140
Disease Associations:
GASTRIC CARCINOMA
MALT LYMPHOMA
H. pylori
141
Curved gram-negative rods with a tuft of polar flagella (lophotrichous)
H. pylori
142
Indole-negative
| **vs E. coli which is indole-positive**
H. pylori
143
Friedlander’s Pneumonia
Klebsiella
144
Alcoholic -> Pneumonia
Klebsiella
145
(currant jelly sputum)
Klebsiella
146
Second to E. coli as the common cause of sepsis
Klebsiella
147
DOC Klebsiella
Cephalosporins +/- Aminoglycosides
148
Facultative gram-negative rods with large polysaccharide capsule
Klebsiella
149
UTI associated with nephrolithiasis
Proteus
150
staghorn calculi; composed of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate
Proteus
151
DOC Proteus
Ampicilin
| TMP-SMX
152
Proteus Agar
BAP
153
a test that uses antibodies against certain strains of Proteus to diagnose rickettsial disease (as certain rickettsiae share similar antigens
Weil Felix Reaction
154
(major pathogen for nosocomial infections because of its ubiquitous presence
in the hospital environment
Pseudomonas
155
chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients due to biofilm formation
Pseudmonas
156
inhibits protein synthesis by blocking EF2
Pseudomonas Toxin A
157
Type III secretion system
Exotoxin A
158
Hot tub folliculitis
Pseudomonas
159
Green nail syndrome
Pseudomonas
160
Skin graft loss due to infection
Pseudomonas
161
Otitis Externa
Pseudomonas
162
- Chronic suppurative otitis media
Pseudomonas
163
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Pseudomonas
164
Necrotizing pneumonia (fleur-de-lis pattern)
Pseudomonas
165
Shanghai fever
Pseudomonas
166
Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients
Pseudomonas
167
Antipseudomonal penicilins
Ticarcillin
| Piperacillin
168
Refractory cases of Pseudomonas
Rifampin
169
Pseudomonas Agar
Cetrimide
170
sweet, fruity grape-like odor
Pseudomonas
171
most common pathogen isolated from patients who have been hospitalized longer than 1 week, and it is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections
Pseudomonas
172
Predominant anaerobe of the human colon
Bacteroides fragilis
173
Spreads to blood or peritoneum during bowel trauma, perforation, or surgery
Bacteroides fragilis
174
Armadillos
M. leprae
175
Phenolase Positive
M. leprae
176
AIDS Px CD4 <50
MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM INTRACELLULARE COMPEX (MAI, MAC)
177
most common cause of crippling of the hand
Leprosy
178
Nerves Affected in Leprosy
Ulnar, Median
Posterior tibial
Common petrosal
179
Tender red nodules or humps on both shins
| Signals acute flare-ups of disease
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
180
Erythema Nodosum Leprosum
Thalidomide
181
Thalidomide SE:
Phocomelia
182
Tuberculoid Leprosy DOC
Dapsone + Rifampin
183
Lepromatous DOC
Dapsone + Rifampin + Clofazimine
184
tiniest free-living organisms capable of self-replication
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
185
Requires STEROL for membrane formation
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
186
Toll-like receptor 2 protein
adheres to epithelial cells of the respiratory tract
causes inhibition of ciliary motion (ciliostasis) and necrosis
P1 Adhesin - Mycoplasma
187
An exotoxin
Major role in damage to the respiratory epithelium
ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating cytotoxin similar to pertussis toxin.
CARDS
188
Walking pneumoniae
Mycoplasma
189
most common infectious cause is M. pneumoniae
Steven Johnsons Disease
190
DOC mycoplasma
Macrolides
191
Culture Media of Mycoplasma
Eaton
192
Dome Shaped Colonies - Fried Egg, Mulberry
Mycoplasma
193
Chlamydophila psittaci
Azithromycin
194
TWAR
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
195
Chlamydophila pneumoniae DOC
Doxycycline
196
Chlamydia spp
Doxycycline
197
Chlamydia Trachomatis
A-C
198
Chlamydia GenitaL
D-K
199
LGV
Chlamydia L1-L3
200
Resistant to Lysozyme
Chlamdia
201
leading infectious cause of blindness
C. trachomatis types A-C
202
Chronic keratoconjunctivitis
C. trachomatis types A-C
203
Halberstaedter-Prowazek inclusions)
C. trachomatis types A-C
204
Most common cause of STDs
C. trachomatis types D-K
205
Reiter's Syndrome
Chlamydia, Campylobacter
206
Neonatal Pneumonia
C. trachomatis types D-K
207
Papule or vesicular which ulcerates leads to suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis (buboes
LGV
208
+ Frei test
LGV Chlamydia L1-L3
209
Chlamydia DOC
Doxycycline
210
Halberstaedter-Prowazek inclusions
Chlamydia
211
periplasmic flagella
Leptospira
212
Leptospira early stage specimen
Blood, CSF
213
Leptospira late stage specimen
Urine
214
Immune complex-mediated meningitis and glomerulonephritis
Leptospira
215
Calf Tenderness, Conjunctival Suffusion
ACUTE LEPTOSPIREMIC PHASE:
216
- Snowflake lesions on CXR
IMMUNE LEPTOSPIRURIC PHASE:
217
Glomerulonephritis in Leptospiral inf
IMMUNE LEPTOSPIRURIC PHASE:
218
Aseptic meningitis
IMMUNE LEPTOSPIRURIC PHASE
219
most severe form of leptospirosis
Weil's syndrome
220
Massive pulmonary hemorrhage
Syphillis
Anthrax
Weil's
221
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Syphilis
| Leptosirosis
222
Shepherd’s crook appearance
Leptosira
223
Darkfield Microscopy
+ Syphillis - Lepto
224
gold standard / criterion standard for serologic identification of leptospires
LeptoMAT
225
Leptospira culture media
Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium or Fletcher’s medium
226
White-footed mouse
| White-tailed deer
Boreliella burgdorferi
227
Largest medically important bacterium
Boreliella burgdorferi
228
Stage 1 Lyme
Erythema chronicum migrans
229
Stage 2 Lyme
Bells Palsy
| AV Block
230
Stage 3 Lyme
Autoimmune migratory polyarthritis (onion skin lesion)
231
Boreliela Culture
Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (BSK)
