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Microbiology > Gram-negative bacteria > Flashcards

Gram-negative bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

Any product or strategy that contributes to pathogenicity

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2
Q

Name some colonisation factors

A

adhesins, invasins, nutrient acquisitio

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3
Q

What shape are coliforms?

A

Rod-shaped

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4
Q

Are coliforms motile?

A

Most are due to peritrichous flagella

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5
Q

What do coliforms colonise?

A

The intestinal tract

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6
Q

True or false: negative bacteria are facultatively anaerobic

A

True

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7
Q

Enterobacteriaceae consists of multiple gram negative ___-shaped bacterial species

A

rod

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8
Q

Lactose fermentation produces ____

A

acid (used to distinguish between bacteria)

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9
Q

Which 2 bacteria show lactose use (ferment it to make acid) on appearance on MacConkey?

A

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

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10
Q

MacConkey-lactose agar shows lactose fermenters in what colour?

A

Red (due to acid)

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11
Q

What colour do lactose fermenters turn phenol red in media?

A

Yellow

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12
Q

Do either salmonella or shigella ferment lactose?

A

No, neither

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13
Q

What are the flagellum made of?

A

Protein

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14
Q

What are the principal infections caused by pathogenic E. coli

A

Wound infections, UTIs, Gastroenteritis, Travellers’ diarrhoea, bacteraemia, meningitis (infants)

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15
Q

ETEC stimulates a chlorine transporter in the intestinal lumen to release i___ and w___ through toxins which leads to watery diarrhoea

A

ions and water

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16
Q

What does shigellosis cause?

A

Severe bloody diarrhoea

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17
Q

Where is shigella common?

A

In developing countries where sanitation is poor

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18
Q

True of false: Shigella is acid-tolerant

A

True

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19
Q

How does shigella spread?

A

Person-to-person, contaminated water and food

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20
Q

Shigella enters through colonic _ cells which overlie lymphoid follicles and deliver antigens to underlying immune cells

A

M

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21
Q

How does the shiga toxin in shigella cause cell death?

A

inhibits protein synthesis

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22
Q

What are the 2 species of salmonella?

A

S. enterica and S. bongori (rare - contact with reptiles)

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23
Q

What are the 3 forms of salmoellosis caused by S. enterica

A

Gastroenteritis
Enteric fever - typhoid
Bacteraemia

24
Q

How does salmonellosis occur?

A

invades gut epithelium
Transcytosed to basolateral membrane
Enters submucosal macrophages
Intracellular survival

25
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Ubiquitous (found everywhere), free-living, motile, rod-shaped, opportunistic, resistant to multiple antibiotics

26
Q

Thick mucus in cystic fibrosis increases risk of infection via m____ version of P. aeruginosa

A

mucoidal

27
Q

Vibrio Cholerae

A

Facultative anaerobe (makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation), saline environments

28
Q

True of false: Cholera is the most severe diarrhoeal disease

A

True

29
Q

How is V. cholerae spread?

A

Faecal-oral (not person-to-person)

30
Q

Most cases of V. cholerae can be treated with ___

A

ORT (oral rehydration therapy)

31
Q

Campylobacter shape

A

Spiral rods

32
Q

The flagella of campylobacter are either u_____ or b___

A

unipolar or bipolar

33
Q

Symptoms of campylobacter

A

Mild to severe diarrhoea, often with blood

34
Q

True or false: salmonella is the most common cause of food poisoning in UK and US?

A

False - campylobacter is

35
Q

Helicobacter pylori shape

A

Spiral-shaped

36
Q

Helicobacter pylori plays a major role in gastritis and p__ u___ disease

A

peptic ulcer

37
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic injection seen mainly in young children and adult _____

A

smokers

38
Q

H. influenzae can penetrate the n__________ epithelium

A

nasopharyngeal

39
Q

H. influenzae has built resistance to phagocytosis and c_____ system

A

complement

40
Q

Bordetella pertussis

A

Short rods, fastidious (depends on cleanliness)

41
Q

What is pertussis also known as

A

Whooping cough

42
Q

True or false: Bordetella pertussis is highly contagious through aerosol transmission

A

true

43
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Immunocompromised, causes severe inflammatory pneumonia, infection from man-made aquatic environments

44
Q

Can legionella pneumophila replicate within alveolar macrophages

A

Yes

45
Q

Legionella pneumophila r______ within freshwater protosoa (intracellular parasite of amoeba)

A

replicates

46
Q

Bacteroides

A

Non-motile rods, commensal flora *large intestine), opportunistic

47
Q

What is the most frequent cause of anaerobic infections?

A

Bacteroides (B. fragilis)

48
Q

Bacteroides is often present in polymicrobial infections with e_______

A

enterobacteria (Presence of facultative anaerobes depletes O2, allowing anaerobes such as Bacteroides to proliferate)

49
Q

Neisseria is a non-flagellated d_____

A

diplococci

50
Q

What does neisseria meningitidis cause?

A
51
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes

A

Gonorrhoea (second most common STD worldwide)

52
Q

Can gonorrhoea be asymptomatic?

A

Yes

53
Q

Gonococci are non-c____

A

capsulated

54
Q

Spirochaetes are longer, slender, h_____ and highly flexible

A

helical

55
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi causes what disease?

A

Lyme disease

56
Q
A

Microbiology (15 decks)

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