Gram negative pathogens

Question 1

What is pertussis (whooping cough)?

Answer 1

An infection of the respiratory tract with Bordetella pertussis

Question 2

Treatment for pertussis

Answer 2

erythromycin

Question 3

Prevention of pertussis

Answer 3

vaccination (DTaP) in infants, travellers, workers at risk and non-immunised individuals.

Question 4

Bacterial meningitis symptoms

Answer 4

• Fever
• Neck stiffness
• Altered mental status

Question 5

Causes of meningitis and septicaemia

Answer 5

• Heamophilus influenza type b

- Neisseria meningtitdis

Question 6

Prevention of meningitis

Answer 6

Vaccinations:

• Hib
• Men C & B
• Men ACWY

Question 7

Gonorrhoea urethral infection symptoms

Answer 7

Urethral discharge 80% (men)

Dysuria (hard to urinate) 50% in men, 12% in women

Question 8

Gonorrhoea rectal infection symptoms (men)

Answer 8

Asymptomatic
Anal discharge 12%
Perianal/anal pain/discomfort 7%

Question 9

Gonorrhoea pharyngeal infection symptoms

Answer 9

Asymptomatic 90%

Question 10

Gonorrhoea endocervical infection symptoms (women)

Answer 10

Asymptomatic 50%
Increased/altered vaginal discharge 50%
Lower abdominal pain 25%

Question 11

Gonorrhoea rectal infection symptoms (women)

Answer 11

Asymptomatic

Caused by transmucosal spread of genital secretions

Question 12

Complications of gonorrhoea lead to

Answer 12

• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Infertility
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Spread to blood and joints (rare)
• Neonatal conjunctivitis

Question 13

Treatment of gonorrhoea

Answer 13

Cephalosporin

Ceftriaxone single dose

Question 14

Proteus mirabilis cause

Answer 14

UTI
Bacteraemia
Pneumonia

Question 15

Proteus mirabilis can

Answer 15

Cause encrustation of catheters

Causes biofilm formation

Question 16

Escherichia coli causes

Answer 16

Bacteraemia
GI infections
UTI’s
Neonatal meningitis

Question 17

Sources of E.coli

Answer 17

GI tracts in humans, cattle, pigs, amphibians and fish

Question 18

Transmission of E.coli

Answer 18

Undercooked/ contaminated meat
Unpasteurised dairy products
Contaminated fruit & veg
Environment

Question 19

UTI’s due to E.coli predisposing factors

Answer 19

Pregnancy
Sexual intercourse
Catheterisation

Question 20

Positive ID of UTI must have

Answer 20

High bacterial numbers

Raised WBC count

Question 21

Types of UTI’s

Answer 21

Urethritis
Cystitis (bladder)
Pyelonephritis (kidney)

Question 22

Cystitis

Answer 22

Burning sensation during urination
50% of women will have 1 episode
Prevalent in young sexually active females

Question 23

Pyelonephritis symptoms

Answer 23

Severe lower back pain
Fever, chills, nausea & vomiting 
Bacteraemia
Costovertebral tenderness
High RBC % WBC count in urine.

Question 24

Diarrhoeagenic E.coli pathogen example

Answer 24

EHEC - Enteroheamorrhagic E coli

Question 25

EHEC causes

Answer 25

Mild gastroenteritis to severe bloody diarrhoea Haemolytic Uremic syndrome Renal failure

Question 26

Salmonella strains causing disease in humans

Answer 26

ALL of them

Question 27

Source of salmonella

Answer 27

GI tracts of animals including humans

Question 28

Non-typhoidal salmonella causes

Answer 28

Gastroenteritis: - localised to GI - diarrhoea - lasts up to 1 week

Question 29

Typhoidal salmonella causes

Answer 29

Enteric fever: - systemic infection - diarrhoea/constipation - lasts up to 3 weeks

Question 30

Bacteraemia is

Answer 30

"bugs in the blood" | can lead to sepsis

Question 31

Sepsis symptoms

Answer 31

- Fever or hypothermia - Raised heart rate - Fast breathing - Nausea - Confusion - Evidence of infection

Question 32

Sever sepsis

Answer 32

Interference with vital organs (heart, kidney, lungs)

Question 33

Septic shock causes

Answer 33

Organ failure Mortality 20-30% 60% due to gram negative bacteria.