Gram Positive and related (19)

Question 1

Non-Sporulating gram positive bacteria

Answer 1

Staphylococcus and Micrococcus and (lactic acid bacteria, these don’t aply)

• aeorbic growth, catalase test is positive
• resistant to drying and high salt (7.5% to select for it)
• often pigmented
• oxidation-fermentation test to tell difference

Question 2

Staphylococcus

Answer 2

• Firmicutes (low GC)
• found on animals
• Facultative aerobe
• staph infections are possible

Question 3

Micrococcus

Answer 3

• Actinobacteria (high GC)
• inanimate obejects, skin, very common
• strict aerobe

Question 4

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Answer 4

• Rods and cocci
• aerotolerant aneobe
• only fermentation (no ETC)
• fastidious (need stuff provided) - grow in dairy etc.
• Homofermenters or Heterofermenters
• nonsporulating

Question 5

Homofermenters

Answer 5

Only produce lactic acid

- Aldolase Enzyme

Question 6

Heterofermenters

Answer 6

Lactic acid, ethanol, CO2

- Phosphoketolase enzyme

Question 7

Streptococcus

Answer 7

• lactic acid bacteria

- often pathogenic (flesh eating disease, pneumonia, strep throat)

Question 8

Lactococcus

Answer 8

lactic acid bacteria of dairy significance

• fermented food products
• in teeth

Question 9

Enterococcus

Answer 9

Lactic acid bacteria of fecal origin

Question 10

Sporulating gram positive bacteria

Answer 10

• find in soils

-

Question 11

Bacillus

Answer 11

• degrade polymers
• aerobes
• some produce antibiotics

Question 12

Bacillus thuringiensis

Answer 12

• crystalline protoxin, crystallize proteins as it makes spore
• will cause toxin in insects when ingested
• agricultural importance

Question 13

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 13

• anthrax

potential problem for humans

Question 14

Clostridium

Answer 14

• fermentation metabolism (no ETC)
• strict anaerobes
• fermentation important for industry (butanol, acetone, isopropanol)
• some can fix nitrogen
• Chaim Weizman - grow clostridium in large amounts, contribution to the war.

Question 15

Clostridium botulinum

Answer 15

• cause paralysis from a toxin (Botox)

Question 16

Endospores

Answer 16

Terminal, subterminal or central located.

Question 17

Actinobacteria

Answer 17

high GC

Question 18

Mycobacterium

Answer 18

• Actinobacteria
• hydrophobic mycolic acids in cell wall
• resistant to many compounds
• waxy coating
• some pathogens
• some produce pigments (like staphylcocus and micrococcus) - protect from light and oxygen damage

Question 19

Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 19

• probably cause of leprosy (can’t be cultured)

- also carried by armadillos

Question 20

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 20

• causes tuberculosis

Question 21

Filamentous Actinobacteria

Answer 21

• geosmins - smells like forest
• filamentous, brancing
• make lots of spores
• produce antibiotics, produce clearing

Question 22

spores

Answer 22

known as conidia
convert long hypha ( sporophores.) to spores
can get many shapes

Question 23

streptomyces

Answer 23

• many antibiotics come from it, may be used for communication
• actinobacteria

Question 24

Cyanobacteria

Answer 24

• add oxygen to earth atmosphere
• cell wall similar to gram negative
• gliding motility
• oxygenic phototrophs
• morphologically diverse
• find everywhere (water, soils, humans)
• Chlorophyll A and phycobilins (blue & red) (accessory pigments) - within thylakoid membrances, nicknamed blue-green algae.

Question 25

Heterocysts

Answer 25

- Some cyanobacteria do this - capable of N2 fixation with thick wall (protect from oxygen) - just some will differentiate within filament, use carbon compound for energy from surrounding cells