Green crime Flashcards
(17 cards)
What does transgressive mean in the context of crime?
Looking at the wider definitions of crime such as the harm that the crimes cause not just the breaking of state laws.
Emphasizes the impact of actions beyond legal frameworks.
Define anthropocentric.
Harm to the environment from the perspective of humanity.
Pollution and climate change are considered problematic primarily due to their impact on human health and economic costs.
What does ecocentric mean?
Harm to any aspect of the environment as harm to all of it.
Crimes like animal cruelty or habitat destruction are viewed as green crimes regardless of specific human costs.
How does globalization relate to green crime?
Environmental crimes are global crimes, where an act in one location can have effects across the planet.
Highlights the interconnectedness of environmental issues.
What is green crime?
An act that violates environmental laws and causes harm to the environment or living organisms.
It can be difficult to police due to varying definitions and jurisdictional issues.
Who defined green crime as ‘an unauthorized act or omission that violates the law of a state or nation’?
Situ and Emmons (2000).
This definition is limited as it does not account for environmental issues like global warming.
What is transgressive criminology?
Looks at the harm caused by acts to determine criminality rather than just legal violations.
White (2008) emphasizes that green crime includes actions harming the environment even if no laws are broken.
What does Beck (1992) argue about global and manufactured risk?
Massive increases in technology create new manufactured risks that harm the environment and humans.
Example: Greenhouse gases from manufacturing leading to global warming.
What is Type 1 Green Crime according to Nigel South (2014)?
Primary Green Crime: Crimes that are the direct result of destruction and degradation of the earth’s resources.
Examples include air pollution, deforestation, and species decline.
What is Type 2 Green Crime according to Nigel South (2014)?
Secondary Green Crime: Crimes that result from flouting rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters.
Examples include state violence against environmental groups and hazardous waste.
Who are the typical victims of green crime?
Those in the developing world, poor, and ethnic minorities.
They often cannot move away from areas affected by toxic dumping.
What role do individuals play in green crime?
Individuals have a cumulative effect on the environment through actions like littering or fly tipping.
Their individual acts may not seem impactful but lead to significant environmental harm over time.
How do businesses contribute to green crime?
Large corporations are responsible for the majority of water, air, and land pollution due to waste dumping and health and safety breaches.
Environmental crime is often a form of corporate crime.
What does Santana (2002) say about governments and green crime?
The military is the biggest institutional polluter due to unexploded bombs and toxic chemicals.
Highlights the role of state-level actions in environmental degradation.
What is the relationship between organized crime and green crime?
Organized crime often colludes with governments and industries, especially in waste disposal contracts.
This relationship complicates the regulation of environmental crimes.
What challenges exist in studying green crime?
There is not an agreed definition, it is difficult to assess impact, and much research is based on case studies.
These factors complicate understanding and addressing green crime.
True or False: Green crime can be accompanied by greater value judgments due to a lack of agreed definitions.
True.
The ambiguity in definitions leads to differing perspectives on what constitutes green crime.
