State crime Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is the definition of state crime according to Green and Ward (2005)?
Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies.
According to Chambliss, what constitutes state crime?
Acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the state.
What does Michalowski (1985) include in the definition of state crime?
Illegal acts and legally permissible acts whose consequences are similar to those of illegal acts in the harm they cause.
What is Zemiology according to Hillyard (2004)?
The study of crime regardless of whether the act is against the law.
How is state crime defined by Rothe and Mullins (2008)?
An action by or on behalf of a state that violates international law and/or a state’s own domestic law.
What does Schwendinger (1975) argue about state crime?
It should be defined as a violation of people’s basic human rights by the state and their agents.
What type of crimes does Eugene McLaughlin categorize as political crimes?
Censorship or corruption.
What correlation does the Corruption Index suggest?
A correlation between corruption, war and conflict, and poverty.
Name three countries that rank low on the Corruption Index.
- Somalia
- North Korea
- Sudan
What are some examples of crimes by security, military, and police?
- Genocide
- Torture
- Imprisonment Without Trial
- Disappearance of Dissidents
Which event is an example of genocide?
Rwanda 1994 (Hutus against Tutsi).
What economic crime is associated with official violations?
Violations of health and safety laws.
What does the term ‘institutional racism’ refer to in the context of state crime?
Police force targeting certain groups in society.
What is an example of cultural crime committed by ISIS?
Destruction of churches and shrines in Mosul.
What was the impact of the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia between 1975 and 1978?
Killed up to 1/5 of the entire population.
What is the concept of National Sovereignty in relation to state crime?
It makes it difficult for international bodies to intervene.
What are the three stages of Cohen’s Culture of Denial?
- ‘It didn’t happen’
- ‘If it did happen, “it” is something else’
- ‘Even if it is what you say it is, it’s justified’
List the five techniques of neutralization according to Sykes and Matza (1957).
- Denial of the victim
- Denial of injury
- Denial of responsibility
- Condemning the condemners
- Appeal to higher loyalty
What does the Integrated Theory suggest about state crime?
It arises from similar circumstances to those of other crimes, integrating motivation, opportunity, and lack of controls.
According to Bauman (1989), what is one of the features of modern society that makes state crimes possible?
A division of labour.
What is ‘bureaucratisation’ in the context of state crime?
Normalisation of the act by making it repetitive and routine.
What is ‘dehumanisation’ in the context of state crime?
The portrayal of victims as sub-human so normal morality doesn’t apply.
What are the three features identified by Kelman and Hamilton that produce crimes of obedience?
- Authorisation
- Routinisation
- Dehumanisation
