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Sociology Crime And Deviance > Green Crime > Flashcards

Green Crime Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 5 definitions of green crime

A
  • traditional criminology
  • green criminology
  • zemiology
  • radical criminology
  • transgressive criminology
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2
Q

Outline traditional criminology definition

A

Unauthorised act or omission that violates law

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3
Q

What is green criminology definition

A

Across boundaries of traditional
Broadens discussion look at harm

Link zemiology

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4
Q

What is zemiology definition

A

Looks at harm

Actions may injure humans and environment bht may not be against law - sociology of harm

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5
Q

Outline a strength and a limitation of zemiology definition

A
  • STRENGTH: recognises growing importance environmental issues and manufactured risks, recognises interdependence humans, other species and environment
  • LIMITATION: focuses harm not criminality, subjective interpretation
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6
Q

Who created radical criminologist definition

A

White

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7
Q

What is the radical criminologist definition

A

Any action harms physical environment and any creatures living within it, even if technically not breaking the law

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8
Q

What is the transgressive definition

A

Broader
Any human action illegal or not causes environmental harm
Environmental Justice Approach

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9
Q

Evaluation transgressive defintion

A

Broad: based moral and political judgements

Just because morally repugnant does not make it a crime

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10
Q

How does south divide crime

A
  • primary

- secondary

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11
Q

Outline Souths Primary crime

A
  • air pollution: 3 billion tons carbon each year from burning fossil fuels
  • deforestation: 1960-90 1/5 worlds tropical rainforest destroyed e.g through logging
  • species decline: 50 species a day becoming extinct
  • water pollution: 25mill die each year from drinking contaminated water
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12
Q

Briefly outline Souths primary definition

A

Crimes resulting directly destruction and degradation earths resources

  • water pollution
  • species decline
  • air pollution
  • deforestation
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13
Q

Outline Souths secondary crime definition

A

Crime result gov flouting rules aimed preventing or regulating environmental pollution and natural disasters.
States and countries break own regulations or profit degradation another country

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14
Q

Example of Souths secondary crime

A

Dumping toxic waste in another country

Deep Water Horizon 2010: largest oil spill in history

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15
Q

What are the two views of harm

A
  • Anthropocentric

- Ecocentric

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16
Q

Outline Anthropocentric view of harm

A

Prioritise man over other species
Humans right to dominate nature for own ends
Corporations adopt this view justify means their damage

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17
Q

Outline Ecocentric view of harm

A

Humans and environment interdependent
Environmental harm hurts humans to
Do not have priority over other species
Green crime adopts this view

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18
Q

Who commits crime

Study These Flashcards
A

Wolf:

  • individuals
  • private business organisations
  • states and gov
  • organised crime e.g. Mafia Italy dispose illegal waste for businesses
19
Q

Outline different links to globalisation

Study These Flashcards
A
  • global demand
  • trafficking
  • easier communicate/cheaper
  • global risks
20
Q

How does it link to global demand

Study These Flashcards
A

Encourage green crime

Deforestation Amazon logging

21
Q

How does it link to trafficking

Study These Flashcards
A

Endangered species in global market

Wider market of potential customers

22
Q

How does easier to communicate/ cheaper travel link

Study These Flashcards
A

Companies/states developed world send toxic waste be disposed of in countries where costs cheaper and h&s legislation more lax
May not be illegal but is it ethical?

23
Q

How do global risks link with it

Study These Flashcards
A

Beck
Unlike natural disasters: famine and drought developed those own making ‘manufactured risks’
Involve harm environment and consequences humanity
Global warming caused greenhouse gas emission from industry
Searching more profit
Taking more and more risks

24
Q

What are the causes

Study These Flashcards
A
  • capitalism
  • biopiracy
  • consumerism
  • states and organised crime
25
How does capitalism lead to green crime
Halsey and Whyte: dominance capitalist ideology, prioritising economic growth over wellbeing environment, linked corporate crime
26
How does biopiracy lead to crime
South: corporate colonisation of nature - nature exploited capitalist profit Walters: examples: companies take control sometimes illegally of plants and animals preventing them being used by indigenous people e.g. Stripping rainforests of resources so impossible local population and rainforest thrive Engineering of nature: genetically modified crops, building dams, mining, fracking undermine sustainability and diversity harming local population e.g introduction GM crops Zambia threatened contaminate other crops and food supply
27
How does consumerism cause green crime
Car buyers contribute greenhouse gases by adding to global warming through carbon emissions
28
How does state and organised crime cause green crime
E.g. Chinese state responsible building 3 gorges in a dam, flooding 400sq miles Causing soil erosion, drought and displacement 1mill people South: Sicilian Mafia: disposing hazardous waste Bay Naples: only 10% disposed legally
29
How does green crime link to state crime
Marx: global capitalism and crimes of powerful. Global social injustice poor suffer most Japan State violence against oppositional groups: Every case gov committed nuclear power those who oppose treated same degree as enemies of the state State collides organised crime: South Italy Eco Mafia
30
What is an example of state violence against oppositional groups
french gov secret service blew up Green peace ship rainbow warrior as used to stop France testing nuclear weapons South Pacific
31
Example state crime
JAPAN | bribery and corruption Japanese gov on International Whaling Commission to stifle opposition try and make exceptions
32
Examples corporate crime
- union carbide Bhopal 1984 - union carbide Sydney Harbour 2006 - recycling ships Bangladesh/India/Brazil/China
33
How does Bhopal 1984 Union Carbide demonstrate corporate crime
``` - cyanide gas leak due failure safety systems Estimated 20,000 died 120,000 still suffer 1 dies per day Only acknowledged 3,800 deaths H&S more lax Bhopal ```
34
How many died result Bhopal 1984 Union Carbide
20,000
35
How many are still suffering result Bhopal Union Carbide 1984
120,000 | 1 dies per day
36
How does Union Carbide 2006 Sydney Harbour link corporate crime
Banned commercial shipping after tests showed fish 100x more cancer causing dioxins than considered safe Result union carbide chemical plant low income area regularly dumping chemical e.g agent orange 1940s-70s when closed down
37
What was Union Carbide accused of doing in 2006
Sydney Harbour Plant low income area Regularly dumping chemicals e.g. Agent orange Betweens 40s-70s when closed down
38
How does recycling ships link to corporate and green crime
Bring employment Bangladesh, India, Brazil, China | Havent technology dismantle asbestos laden ships
39
What are the reasons for green crime being hard to detect
- Brunos 5 techniques of neutralisation - international laws difficult construct some reluctant to sign - gov reluctant pass laws hurt big multi national companies they rely on
40
What are brunos 5 techniques of neutralisation
``` Deny Delay Divide Dump Dupe ```
41
Give an example to demonstrate Brunos 5 techniques of neutralisation
- global warming not happening - cant act until we know more - chose jobs or environment - export products banned at home - pose friends environmental groups (greenwashing)
42
Why do international laws make green crime hard to detect
China and USA reluctant sign any internal carbon reduction treaties Japan opposed anti-whaling legislation Multi-jurisdictional pollution does not stay in boundaries
43
Why are gov reluctant pass laws hurt big multi-national companies they rely on
Enforcement often weak Stay benefitting Firm can hire lawyers escape prosecution
44
Have laws tightened UK
2005 environmental Agency Prosecutions against 317 companies Nearly 1/2 fined over £1000 Illegal waste disposal and water pollution cracked down on Illegal fly tip, litter, pick protected flowers, or deal endangered species

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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