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Ethnicity Flashcards

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1
Q

Pattern of ethnic crime

A

1972 house of commons: asian and chinese lower, whites moderate
Self report: offending crime and justice survey 2005 whites and mixed race most likely offend and be involved in drugs - blacks most searched

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2
Q

What do Sharp and Budd find pattern ethnic crime

A

Class A drugs higher white individuals

Drugs in general highest users mixed race, blacks and whites same

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3
Q

What does self report study

Offending Crime and Justice Survey 2005 tell us pattern of crime

A

White and mixed race most likely offend
White 42%, Mixed, 39%, Blacks 28% Asian 21%
Whites and mixed race most likely involved drugs - blacks most searched

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4
Q

What is pattern of arrest

A

More likely sent trial than cautioned
Black youths more likely filtered in less likely filtered out criminal justice system
Harsher sentences
Less likely receive preferential treatment

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5
Q

What did Norris 1992 find pattern of arrest

A

Ethnic minorities 6x more likely be stopped and searched

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6
Q

What did Smith and Gray say pattern of arrest

A

Black individuals more likely to be arrested

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7
Q

How are black individuals disproportionately represented in prisons

A

Only 2% population

15% prison population

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8
Q

Why are there ethnic differences

A

Racism
Treat official statistics with precaution
Maybe figures are accurate

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9
Q

Why do radical criminologists argue ethnic differences due to racism

A

Myth of black criminality

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10
Q

Who is radical criminologist spoke of black criminality

A

Gilroy

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11
Q

What is myth of black criminality

A

Racial stereotypes. Police and CJS act on stereotypes, ethnics more criminalised. Ethnic: political resistance racist society roots in earlier struggles. Police labelling - SFP.
Anti-imperialist struggles taught how resist oppression.

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12
Q

Evaluation myth of black criminality

A

Is it police racism or political resistance??
Lea and Young: 1st generation immigrants 50s/60s very law abiding
Most crime intra-ethnic

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13
Q

Why does Cicourell argue police are racist

A

Typifications

‘Typical delinquent’

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14
Q

What are typifications

A

Officers stereotype typical delinquent
Patrolling w.c. areas more intensively
Leading more arrests confirming stereotype

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15
Q

How do typifications show justice is negotiable

A

When m.c youths arrested less likely be charged as did not fit ‘stereotype’ parents more likely negotiate successfully

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16
Q

What theorist is Hall

A

Neo marx

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17
Q

Why does Hall argue society is racist

A

Policing the crisis

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18
Q

What is policing the crisis

A

Crisis hegemony
Scapegoating black individuals as muggers
Served to divide w.c weakening opposition to capitalism
Police labelling - SFP. Blacks became marginalised leading more crime

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19
Q

Example of policing the crisis

A

E.g 70s high inflation, rising unemployment, opposition capitalism grows. Media created moral panic. Although evidence no increase mugging media highlighted it as increased black crime. Scapegoat from true cause problems - capitalism and unemployment

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20
Q

Evaluation of policing the crisis

A

No evidence public actually panicking
NLR panic is realistic
Inconsistent - black crime rising or not?

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21
Q

What does Reiner argue for why racism led increase black crime

A

Canteen culture

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22
Q

What is canteen culture

A

Police distinctive work value result their job. Pressures: isolation, danger, hostility. Develop culture to help deal: characteristics: thirst action, racism, conservatism, macho values

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23
Q

Why does Holdaway argue police are racist

A

He was a serving police officer demonstrated racist views amongst police. Stop and search ethnic minorities greater extent
Afro-Caribbean 6x more likely than whites

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24
Q

What case does the MacPherson report follow

A

Stephen Lawrence

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25
Why does McPherson report argue police racist
Followed case Stephen Lawrence concluded Metropolitan police institutionally racist police procedures practices and culture disadvantage non-whites Not necessarily intentional or reflect officers personal values
26
What does 2008 Metropolitan Black Police Association say support MacPherson report
Warned ethnic minorities not to join police as perceive hostile and racist atmosphere in London police force
27
What evidence is there to support police/society racist
- Holdaway - MacPherson Report - Hall moral panics - Gilroy myth of black criminality - Reiner canteen culture - Cicourell typifications
28
Why does Morris argue we should treat official statistics with precaution
Statistics simply due age structure. Most crime OCS young people and ethnic minorities higher proportion of younger generation
29
Evaluation of Morris and treating official statistics with precaution
If this was true Asians be over represented as majority asians under 30 years old
30
Why doe Waddington 2004 argue to treat official statistics with precaution
Stop higher % ethnic minorities not due to racism. Police target anyone in high crime areas e.g city centre: more young ethnic minority men out at night city centres
31
Evaluation of Waddington 2004
Indirect racism - more black individuals excluded, unemployed and marginalised so hang in city centre - police officers know this
32
What does Fitzgerald argue to treat official statistics with precaution
Where there are patterns of single parents school failure and alienation crime rates similar whether white or black
33
Evaluation of Fitzgerald
How do you operationalise and measure alienation
34
Why are there issues with statistics on setencing
Black+Asians less likely be cautioned as more likely deny offence and exercise right legal aid. Cant be cautioned/let off unless plead guilty.
35
Why might ethnic minorities be more inclined request to be heard at Crown Court
In front of a jury | Even though harsher sentences mistrust of magistrates impartiality
36
Why does the CPS provide evidence to treat official statistics with precaution
CPS more likely drop charges against Black and Asian suspects - implying police harsher and less convincing evidence
37
Why are the arguments to suggest treating official statistics with precaution
Morris - age structure Waddington - target high crime areas Fitzgerald - similar white and blacks areas of alienation Issues statistics on sentencing CPS - more likely drop charges Black and Asian suspects
38
Why is it argued crimes may be accurate
92% crimes reported to police | Blacks more likely involved street crime/robbery
39
What is a criticism of 92% crimes being reported to police
Bowling and Phillips | Warned victims influenced by racial stereotypes
40
What is a criticism of suggesting blacks more likely involved street crime/robbery
Bowling and Phillips | Negative response to police labelling and SFP
41
Why do NLR support figures being accurate
Mix subculture, strain theory and marx framework. Marginalisation: frustrated and limited power. Relative deprivation: undermined social and economic factors. Formation delinquent subcultures: more likely commit crime if others like minded with same aspirations and hostility
42
What are 3 main concepts of NLR supporting official statistics
Marginalisation Relative deprivation Formation of delinquent subcultures
43
How does marginalisation support statistics being accurate
Feel frustrated, hostile, limited power change situation
44
What study supports marginalisation
El Barrio
45
What happens in the study of El Barrio
Bourgeois research in to NY found an alternative economy opportunities to drugs trade
46
How does relative deprivation support figures being accurate
Undermined social and economic factors | Deprived material factors
47
What study supports relative deprivation
Nightingale
48
What happens in the study of Nightingale
Black youths Philadelphia rejected conventional means acquiring wealth and possessions and turned illegal illegitimate means Culturally and structurally excluded
49
How does formation of delinquent subcultures support figures being accurate
More likely commit crime if others like minded with same aspirations and hostility
50
What is an evaluation NLR view
Does not explain why not all blacks commit crime
51
Why does New Right view support figures as accurate
Murray: higher % SPF in black communities. Lack father cause boys become hyper masculine and reject femininity
52
What is the New Right view criticised
What about crime from 2 parent families
53
What other theorists support New Right view that socialisation cause higher crime rates
Feminists | Functionalists
54
What is Sewells theory to support official statistics as correct
Triple quandary theory
55
Why ethnic group is Sewells triple quandary theory concerned with
Afro-Caribbean boys
56
What is Sewells triple quandary theory
3 risk factors responsible high levels crime - feel cant relate mainstream culture - influenced media - lack male role model
57
Why does afro-Caribbean boys feeling they cant relate mainstream culture support statistics
Due to racist teachers police employers etc | Feel marginalised
58
How does being influenced by media support official statistics
Conspicuous consumption Identity/status dependent material items e.g designer labels and jewellery, be seen through MTV and rap culture = commit crime achieve these material goods
59
How does lack of male role model support official statistics
Leads hyper masculine behaviour Rejection of over feminine family Creates anxiety = drawn gangs gain respect
60
What evidence is there to support Sewell
Lack educational success 2006 23% black boys gained 5 or more GCSES compared average 44% 60% blacks live SPF 20% whites
61
What does Pitt support official statistics
Subcultures
62
Why doe Pitts subcultures support official statistics
More likely commit if other likeminded individuals with same aspirations and hostility Subcultural responses: street gangs, violence, drugs. Drawn gangs through violence threatened family
63
How does Sewell support Pitt
Drawn in to subcultures in to school, more likely to be excluded, leading to marginalisation
64
Why do Asians have traditionally low crime rates
High rates economic success and stronger family and community

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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