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Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is definition globalisation

A

Process whereby events, decisions and activities in 1 part world have significant consequences quite distant parts globe

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2
Q

What is Held and McGrews definition

A

Widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide connectedness - barrier between countries disappears

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3
Q

How much globalisation crime going on

A

Castell: 1 trillion per annum
UN 1999: resulted massive growth: dealing illicit drugs, illegal trafficking in weapons/humans, corruption, violent crimes - including terrorism
Offers massive opportunity for new crimes and new ways conducting old crimes.

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4
Q

What does Karofi and Mwanza argue about amount globalisation

A

Offers massive opportunity for new crimes and new ways conducting old crimes.

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5
Q

What does globalisation lead increase in crime

A
  • demand and supply
  • old crimes made easier
  • deregulation
  • cyber crime
  • becks global risk society
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6
Q

Main concepts demand and supply leading more crime

A 
Global 24/7 market
More interconnected 
Demand rich north - taylor
Ideology consumerism 
Legitimate trade increase in illegitimate
Insatiable demand from West
Money global market fuels conflicts 
Relative deprivation
Cheap labour
Demand body parts
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7
Q

How does global 24/7 market lead increased demand and supply

A

enhanced internet and connectivity and interconnected

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8
Q

What does taylor argue about demand and supply

A

Demand rich north supply poor impoverished south. Market has winners and losers
Winners: rich financial investors
Fuels inequality

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9
Q

How does ideology consumerism lead increased demand and supply

A

Spread via media, fuelling the market

Increases feelings relative deprivation

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10
Q

How does legitimate opportunities causing increase illegitimate opportunities link demand and supply

A

More legitimate trade more opp illegitimate
Very small % containers checked
Benefits outweigh risks

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11
Q

How does insatiable demand from West link demand and supply

A

Encourages more production poorer countries

20% Colombian pop gain livelihood from cocaine production

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12
Q

How does money made from global markets causing conflict link demand and supply

A

Between drug gangs

Micha Glenny: 6000 Mexicans lose lives each year due drugs gangs conflict

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13
Q

How does relative deprivation link demand and supply

A

Push factor emigrate to west
Glob risk consciousness border control got tighter
Encourage turn human trafficking
Many illegal immigrants in dept to smugglers leading virtual slavery
Women forced prostitution

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14
Q

How does cheap labour link demand and supply

A

Exploited and encourages legitimate employers break law

Supply cheap labour in East

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15
Q

How does demand of body parts link to demand and supply

A

For transplants
Highly profitable illegal trades
Managed transnational organised criminal networks
Many East willing give up an organ for quick money

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16
Q

How does old crimes made easier link increased globalised crime

A
  • smuggling
  • money laundering
  • gangs glocal/mcmafia
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17
Q

How does smuggling link to old crimes made easier

A

Blood diamonds smuggled war zones money sales fuels rebel conflicts
Stolen from country wealth denied local people
Big interest diamond companies
Export cheaper
Global connections
Illegal since 1977

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18
Q

What is money laundering

A

Making money illegally but making look like came from legitimate sources

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19
Q

How has money laundering made old crimes easier

A

Money illegally looks like legitimate sources
Financial deregulation
Banking secrecy
Modern technology
Money shifted multiple accounts onshore and offshore quickly and easily
Offshore hard to track
Multi jurisdictional risk detection small

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20
Q

What does glocal stand for

A

Local gangs

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21
Q

How does glocal make old crimes easier

A

Local gangers international connections

Internet cheaper travel

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22
Q

What does Hobbs and Dunningham say about glocal and old crimes made easier

A

Provides market local goods
New type global gangs with local ‘hub’
Fluid and willing work and locate anywhere

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23
Q

How does McMafia make old crimes easier

A

Glenny
Transnational organised crime mirrors activities transnational corporations
Like mcdonalds

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24
Q

Who researched in to McMafia

A

Micha Glenny

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25
Example of McMafia making old crimes easier
South: | Sicilian mafia disposing of hazardous waste Bay Naples only 10% disposed of legally
26
Who argues deregulation led increase crime
Marxist - Taylor
27
How has globalisation led increase deregulation
Access global market consumers and workers Political changes encouraged deregulation markets Loss of rules Allows multi-national corporations move labour and work sites country to country Search profitability
28
What are employers in search of in deregulation
Free market
29
What does free market mean in deregulation
Shift production cheaper countries
30
Example of where there is a free market relation deregulation
Bangladesh Lower taxes, wages and more lenient h&s laws Increasing profit save more money
31
What is the impact of deregulation on local community
Outsourcing causes job insecurity Fear unemployment Face fewer opportunities Turn alternate economies - illegitimate
32
What is impact of deregulation on government and social policy
Less money from businesses in taxes | Gov cut back spending public services and welfare
33
How does deregulation lead less social cohesion
Relative deprivation | Bauman: more individualised o
34
Why does Taylor argue deregulation causes relative deprivation
Job insecurity Individuals without economic satisfaction Turn crime for these needs Better opportunities alternate economies
35
What does Winlows study support
Deregulation
36
What is winlows study
Unemployed men go gym body capital & hegemonic masculinity Work in nocturnal economy E.g. Bouncer Opens increased opportunity involved in crime
37
What is deregulation of financial market
Banks less closely monitored Increase money laundering Money illegal but looks like from legitimate source Money shifted multiple accounts Onshore and offshore Offshore hard track Multi jurisdictional - small risk detection
38
Who researches in to financial deregulation
Rothe and Friedrichs | 2015
39
What do Rothe and Friedrich look in to
Financial deregulation Look role international financial organisations e.g. IMF and world bank World bank dominated Germany Britain France USA Japan Over 1/3 voting rights
40
Why is the world bank being dominated by 5 countries an issue
Bias
41
What are the 5 dominating countries in world bank
``` France Germany Britain USA Japan ```
42
What did Rothe find in 2008 in relation to deregulation
Programme imposed Rwanda 80s causes mass unemployment and created economic basis for 1994 genocide
43
What country did Rothe look in to in 2008 as a result deregulation
Rwanda
44
Evaluation of deregulation
If these factors caused more pressure and opportunities does not explain why only some turn to crime
45
What is key feature of cyber crime
Development world wide web and internet communication | Estimated 1/2 worlds population online
46
What does Jewkes argue in relation to cyber crime
Internet crime creates opportunities make old crimes easier to commit Provides tools for new ones
47
Who argued cyber crime creates opportunities make old crimes easier commit and also provide tools for new crimes
Jewkes
48
Why is the internet attractive
Easier Quicker Difficult detect - trace
49
Why does cyber crime make old crimes easier
Increased connectivity | Glocal gangs now have international connection quickly and easily
50
How much does Detica say cyber crime costs UK each year
27 billion
51
What statistics does the Home Office 2015 present on cyber crime
Online crime doubled 5. 1 million incidences of online fraud 2. 5 million other cyber crimes
52
How has cyber crime led increase terrorism
Via internet | 9/11 terrorists used public access computers send messages recruitment and radicalisation
53
Who looked in to a global risk society
Beck
54
How does globalisation lead global risk society
Creates new insecurities | Produces new mentality of risk consciousness risk seen global
55
What are the insecurities global risk society produces
Migrants/Asylum seekers/Terrorists rise anxiety: tighter borders/control/surveillance Encourage individuals turn human trafficking: illegal immigrants often in dept to smuggles - slavery and women forced prostitution
56
How does green crime lead to globalisation
``` Cheaper Global demand Easier communicate Trafficking Global risks ```
57
How does green crime being cheaper and globalisation link crime
Allows more dumping Cheaper travel Companies/states send toxic waste disposed of countries costs cheaper h&s more lax May not be illegal but is it ethical???
58
How does global demand cause more crime
Encourages green crime Deforestation E.g. Amazon for logging
59
How does trafficking lead more crime relation green crime
Endangered species global market wider market potential consumers
60
How does Becks global risks in green crime lead globalisation increase crime
Manufactured risks of own doing Harm environment and consequences humanity Global warming - greenhouse gas emission from industry Searching more and more profit take more and more risks More opportunities for risks
61
What conclusions can be drawn
- Maybe exaggerated: dont know quantity for sure, lots existed before maybe now more aware - Most agree it has grown: maybe nothing new just sheer volume - Global connectedness can be good: solve crime
62
Example where barriers are falling between countries
Soviet union | Collapse Berlin wall
63
What are the different types of trafficking
- arms trafficking - trafficking nuclear materials - smuggling illegal immigrants - trafficking women and children - sex tourism - trafficking body parts - cultural artefacts and work of arts - endangered species - smuggling legal goods avoid tax
64
How many organs are estimated to be taken from Chinas condemned or executed prison population per year
2000
65
How many women are trafficked to western Europe annually
1/2 million
66
How much is the drugs trade estimated to be worth
$300-400 billion annually
67
How much is toxic waste disposal in America compared to 3rd world countries
Rosoff USA $12,50000 a ton 3rd world $3 a ton
68
Why is drug trade so enticing
very low investment and is very lucrative
69
What is the estimated growth in drug gang members in LA as a result deregulation
Los Angeles de-regulation has led to growth of up to 10,000 drug gang members
70
Outline an example of a blood diamonds feud
Diamonds mined Africa by outlaws sold onto the world market by African Warlords to buy arms for machete wielding rebel groups who slaughtered innocent people during civil wars
71
Why are the McMafia called McMafia
Glenny picks up on the idea of McDonalds as a global brand mixed with the Mafia.
72
Why did the rich have to hire mafia members
often ex-KGB contacts and criminals to protect their wealth and facilitate their acceptance into Western markets

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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