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Punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the aims of punishment

A

Incapacitate
Retribution
Deter
Rehabilitate

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2
Q

What does incapacitate mean

A

Stop them offending

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3
Q

What dies retribution mean

A

Short sharp shock
Lock criminals up make it unbearable
Feminists: prison harder females as male model punishment

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4
Q

Evaluation if retribution

A

Isnt lack of freedom enough

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5
Q

What does deter mean

A

Functionalists: reinforce collective conscience

Punishment so harsh puts people off committing crimes

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6
Q

Evaluation of deterrence

A

Crime rates havent dropped still high rates imprisonment

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7
Q

What does Rehabilitate mean

A

Recidivism = recommitting crime rates high 79% reoffend within 2 years
Matthews: prisons best ‘warehouses’ worst ‘universities crime’

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8
Q

What is the changing model of punishment focus up to 19th century

A

To punish

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9
Q

What are the changing models of punishment up to 19th century

A

Durkheims retributive system
Foucault sovereign power
Disintegrative shaming
Marxist

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10
Q

What is Durkheims retributive system

A

Pre industrial: retributive = eye for an eye, more severe and expressive. Modern: restitution = repair damage through compensation

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11
Q

Evaluation of Durkheims retributive system

A

Still restitutive in pre industrial = gangs settled blood feuds with money

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12
Q

What is Foucaults sovereign of power

A

Punishment against body. Sovereign right to your body e.g disfiguring, branding, amputations
Move to disciplinary power (talk later on)

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13
Q

What is disintegrative shaming

A

Punishment public, based humiliation e.g public stock

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14
Q

What is an evaluation of disintegrative shaming

A

Humiliation make crime worse (DeHaan and Triplett)

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15
Q

What is Marxist view of changing models punishment up to 19th century

A

Punishment control w.c. - RSA
Form power represents economic base. EP Thompson: 18th century rule terror over w.c executed or transported colonies. Imprisonment reflected capitalist factories. Capitalists pay workers = workers pay time

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16
Q

Evaluation of marxist view of changing models punishment

A

Crime and punishment still persists non-capitalist countries e.g Japan

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17
Q

Overall evaluation of changing models of punishment up to 19th century

A

Labelling social construct, decided members society in collective judgement. Profiles specific groups e.g ethnic minorities
Look for typifications

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18
Q

What is the focus of changing models of punishment 19th century onwards

A

Reform and control

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19
Q

What makes up the changing models of punishment 19th century onwards = reform and control?

A

Foucault: great transformation
Cohen: 2nd great transformation
Actuarial Justice
New technologies of power

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20
Q

What is Foucaults great transformation in changing models of punishment 19th century onwards

A

Sovereign to disciplinary power. Disciplined thing someone is always watching us - surveillance. Get paranoid = self surveillance
Ultimate aim rehabilitation

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21
Q

What study supports Foucaults great transformation

A

Prison Panopticon

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22
Q

Outline Prison Panopticon study

A

Prison built so guards can see prisoners but prisoners cannot see guards created self surveillance

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23
Q

Evaluation of Foucaults Great transformation

A

People can challenge control

Several countries still use capital punishment

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24
Q

Outline Cohens 2nd great transformation

A

Similar Foucaults talk of Carceral Archipelgos (islands control)
Surveillance and control passed teachers/social workers. Although seen liberating widening boundaries state control

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25
What the the 4 unique points of Cohens 2nd Great Transformation
Widening the net: tagging Thinning the mesh: sending for treatment Blurring: deviant and non deviant Penetration: surveillance does deeper
26
Who's work does Cohens 2nd Great Transformation build off of
Foucaults Carceral Archipelgos (islands of control)
27
What is Actuarial Justice
Social sorting
28
What is an example of Actuarial Justice
West Midlands 2010 going to put up 150 cameras in Muslim areas
29
What are new technologies of power
Different Foulcault Looks groups not individuals Aims preventing crime not rehabilitation Tries reduce risk of crime
30
What are the changing models of punishment in todays society
``` Penal Popularism Penal Welfarism Transcarceration New forms Restorative Justice ```
31
What is penal popularism
Sending people to prison/harsh punishments to win votes Politicians claim to be tough on crime UK imprisons more people than anywhere else
32
What is penal welfarism
Garland: prisons used as part of war on drugs | Drugs so widespread limitless supply inmates
33
What are American statistics todays society on prisons
70’s no. state prisons risen 1.5 million, 700,000 in local prisons and 5 million under supervision of some type – 3% adult population
34
Criticism of penal welfarism
Downes: American penal system soaks up 30-40% of unemployed men makes Capitalism look more successful!
35
What is transcarceration
Individs locked in cycle control, shifting between Carceral agencies: brought up in care, sent young offenders, adult prison, mental hospital blurring between CJS and welfare agencies
36
What are new forms punishment
ASBOS Parenting contract and orders Curfews Dispersal orders
37
What evidence do Thames Valley Police have to support community service
14% less likely reoffend
38
Evaluation of ASBOS
May be seen as a badge of honour - does not tackle the cause Increases power of state to decide what is 'anti social behaviour'
39
What is restorative justice
Re-integrative shaming, get all parties involved make them see damage they have caused and give them sense responsibility
40
What is an example of restorative justice
VOMS | Victim Offender Mediation
41
Who's work did restorative justice base on
Braithwaite
42
Who looks in to control theory of punishment
Hirschi
43
Who is Hirschi influenced by
New Left and New Right Realists
44
What doe Hirschi explain
Why most do not break the law. Most likely to break when societal bonds weak Strong bonds prevent us offending
45
What are the 4 types of attachment Hirschi identifies
Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief
46
What is Hirschis attachment stage mean
Do we care about the opinion of others
47
What does Hirschis commitment stage mean
How much have you got invested in current life
48
What does Hirschis involvement stage mean
Are we too busy to be deviant
49
What does Hirschis belief stage mean
What extent do we buy in to societies values
50
What is an example of corporations that are seen to have Cohens penetration
Conformity and control now viewed responsibility range of organisations – football matches, Disney
51
Evaluation of Hirschis control theory
Agnew says it is weak bonds that lead to crime but after crimes the bounds weaken
52
What are the types of crime prevention
Social and Community Environmental Situational
53
What is social and community crime prevention
both offender and victims of crimes worry people most are found most disadvantaged communities – highest marginality and social exclusion. Emphasise need tackle material cultural exclusion:- early intervention identify those at risk and put a stop - Improve community facilities - leisure, housing, job opportunities
54
Example of social and community crime prevention
Sure start | Consensual policing
55
Who researched in to social and community crime prevention
Farrington and Farrington
56
What did Farringtons research in to social and commubity crime prevention
Longitudinal comparing backgrounds young male offenders and those no record
57
What were the risk factors Farringtons identified
low income, poor housing, high degree impulsiveness, hyperactivity, low school attainment, poor parental supervision, harsh and erratic discipline, parental conflict and LPF
58
What are the preventions Farringtons see as suitable
Skills training Parental education Pre school programmes
59
What is an example of a pre school programme
Perry pre school project
60
What is the perry pre school project
Michigan 2 groups African American children disadvantaged backgrounds. 1 group = pre school educational support incl. weekly support visits By 27 had 1/2 arrests control group Every $1 spent project $17 saved prisons/welfare
61
What is an example of involving community in social and community crime prevention
Boston Gun Initiative | Offered services entice gang members away from crime
62
What is an evaluation point Social and Community Crime prevention
``` Too soft - ignores how most lower class do not commit crimes Deflects attention from practical prevention like tighter social control ```
63
What is environmental crime prevention
New Right: Wilson and Kelling. Broken Window act on 1st sign physical deterioration. Clamp down minor infringements or community will ‘tip’. Act immediately any signs deterioration zero tolerance policing strategy
64
What is the broken window theory
High levels crime = loss formal and informal social control over minor acts. Preventing low level acts prevents escalation
65
Whos research supports broken window theory
Zimbardo
66
What was zimbardos research
Left car in NY several days was not damaged | Once researcher purposely damaged more individuals joined in
67
What is zero tolerance
Nip offending in the bud e.g ASBOS, curfews, bans
68
What is an evaluation of zero tolerance
What is targeted as anti social behav depends on local crime and perceptions
69
What is the 3 strikes rule
Used some US states Allows lengthy imprisonment offenders commit 3 serious offences Idea incapacitate
70
Evaluation of environmental crime prevention
Not enough police patrol areas to make direct impact - unaffordable employ many more Cohen; crime declined because unemployment dropped, cocaine turf wars settled and lots of the young men were already dead!
71
What is situational crime prevention
Rational choice theory Opportunistic Target hardening
72
What is rational choice theory of situational crime prevention
Clarke: individuals weigh up cost and benefit more likely commit if accessible e.g. Leaving car window open
73
What is opportunistic situational crime prevention
Crime tends occur when likely offender and likely target come together at particular time and place where no capable guardian
74
What is target hardening situational crime prevention
Increase risk being caught e.g. CCTV, capable guardians, street lighting More than 1 million CCTV cameras in UK
75
What is an example of situational crime prevention
Felson and Cohen New York Port Authority Bus Station
76
What is Felson and Cohens New York Port Authority Bus Station
Design out crime e.g smaller sinks, replaced ceiling so not removable, arm rests in benches, better lighting and toilet attendants
77
Evaluation situational crime prevention
Displacement - doesnt stop just moves it Gill and Loveday - CCTV ideological role, make believe being watched Assumes crime rational - PM argue it is impulsive and spontaneous

Sociology Crime And Deviance (13 decks)

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