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LEAH FCP > Gross pathology > Flashcards

Gross pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What criteria should be used to describe lesions

A

Location
Number/extent
Demarcation
Distribution
Colour
Size
Shape
Consistency & texture

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2
Q

Name these types of distribution

A
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3
Q

Name these shapes/demarcations

A
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4
Q

What do the different colours in pathology mean

A
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5
Q

What are some possible consistencies and textures?

A
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6
Q

Describe this lesion

A

On (1.) forelimb, clipped area measuring 10 x 5 cm. Within clipped area is (2.) 1 (3.) well-demarcated, (4.) focal, (5.) pink to dark red, (6.) 3cm in diameter x 2cm height (7.) round, raised, (8.) firm, hairless mass

(Probably a mast cell tumour)

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7
Q

Describe this lesion in a dog

A

(1.) stomach was (4.) diffusely distended, (8). gas-filled & (5.) diffusely dark red

(Stomach: Necrosis, diffuse, severe, acute with dilation. Gastric torsion?)

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8
Q

Describe this lesion in a dog

A

Affecting (2.) 20% of (1.) right kidney, within renal cortex & extending into medulla, was a (4.) focal, (3.) well-demarcated, (6.) 3 x 2cm, (5.) light tan to dark red, (7.) wedge-shaped lesion

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9
Q

Describe this lesion in a cat

A

Affecting (2.) 30% of tongue, (1.) on left underside & extending to lingual surface, there was (4.) a focal, (3.) moderately well demarcated, (5.) pink to red, (6.) 5 x 2 x 1cm, (7.) oval, (8.) multinodular, firm mass

(tongue: probably squamous cell carcinoma)

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10
Q

Describe this lesion in a horse

A

(4.) Focally extensively, (1.) effacing perineum & base of tail, was (2.) a (3.) well-demarcated, (5.) black to red, (6.) approx 1m by 50cm x 10cm, (8.) ulcerated, multinodular mass

(probably a melanoma)

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11
Q

Describe this lesion in a chicken

A

Adhered to viscera & mesentery of ileum & paired caeca, were numerous, well demarcated, multifocal, up to 2cm in diameter, pink to tan, round firm masses

(Ileum, caeca: probably adenocarcinoma arising from ovary, oviduct or pancreas as these common in ageing hens)

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12
Q

describe this lesion in a cow

A

Affecting up to 90% of mammary gland, there was multifocal to coalescing, poorly demarcated areas of grey to light pink, friable tissue, admixed with haemorrhage & abundant light pink purulent exudate (pus)

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13
Q

What are the possible causes of cell injury?

A

Oxygen deprivation
Physical agents
Chemical agents and drugs
Infectious agents
Immunologic reactions
Genetic derangements
Nutritional imbalances

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14
Q

What are some possible causes of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency)?

A

Reduced blood flow (ischaemia)

Inadequate oxygenation of blood (cardiorespiratory failure)

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (anaemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, blood loss)

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15
Q

Give examples of physical agents that can cause cell injury

A

Mechanical trauma

Extremes of temperature

Radiation

Electric shock

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16
Q

Give examples of chemical agents & drugs that can cause cell injury

A

Hypertonic concentrations (glucose, salt)

Poisons (arsenic, cyanide)

Environmental pollutants

Insecticides, herbicides

Therapeutic drugs

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17
Q

Give examples of infectious agents that can cause cell injury

A

Viruses (and prions)

Bacteria

Fungi

Protozoa

Helminths

Other (eg ecto-)parasites

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18
Q

Give examples of immunologic reactions that can cause cell injury

A

Immune reactions to external agents (microbes) & environmental substances

Immune reactions to endogenous self-antigens (autoimmune diseases)

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19
Q

What is reversible degeneration?

A

Early response to cell injury

Depletion of cellular energy stores (ATP):
- cellular swelling/fatty change
- alteration of intracellular organelles
- affects functionality of cell

reversible if damaging stimulus is removed

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20
Q

Why do cells swell after injury?

A
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21
Q

What causes fatty changes after cell injury?

A
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22
Q

What are some irreversible cell injuries?

A

Necrosis & apoptosis

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23
Q

describe necrosis after cell injury

A

Always pathologic

Cell membranes damaged

Often with inflammation (neutrophils attack leaked cell content)

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24
Q

Describe apoptosis after cell injury

A

May be physiologic or pathologic

Cell membranes intact

No inflammation

Cell suicide/programmed death

Cell shrinks

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25
What are the microscopic morphologic alterations that occur in necrosis?
26
Label the histological signs of necrosis
Pyknosis: Shrinkage of nucleus Karyolysis: Fading of nucleus Karyorrhexis: Fragmentation of nucleus Hypereosinophilia: Increased pink cytoplasmic staining
27
Give examples of the patterns of tissue necrosis (macroscopic morphologic alterations)
Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis
28
What pattern of necrosis is this? What caused it?
Localised area of coagulative necrosis caused by ischaemia due to vascular obstruction
29
What pattern of necrosis is this?
Liquefactive necrosis
30
What pattern of necrosis is this?
Gangrenous necrosis Variant of coagulative necrosis Usually applied to a limb that has lost its blood supply (also tail, ears, udder) 3 types of gangrene: dry, moist or gas
31
What pattern of necrosis is this?
Caseous necrosis Conversion of dead cells into friable mass resembling cheese Typically more chronic than coagulation necrosis e.g. Tuberculosis, Pseudotuberculosis
32
What pattern of necrosis is this? What causes it?
Fat necrosis Focal areas of fat destruction Fat appears white, firm & chalky Typically resulting from release of pancreatic lipases
33
What are the microscopic morphologic alterations seen after apoptosis?
Cell shrinkage Chromatin condensation Cytoplasmic blebs & apoptotic bodies Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or cell bodies
34
What are cell/tissue adaptations?
Reversible functional & structural responses to more severe physiological stresses & some pathologic stimuli , allowing cell to survive & continue to function Changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity or function of cells Cell injury once limits of adaptive responses are exceeded
35
What are the types of tissue adaptations & their causes?
36
Describe the ability of labile cells to adapt
Routinely proliferate e.g. epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow cells
37
Describe the ability of stable cells to adapt
Intermediate in ability of regenerate/divide e.g. bone, cartilage, smooth muscle
38
Describe the ability of permanent cells to adapt
Very little capacity to regenerate e.g. neurons, cardiac/skeletal muscle cells
39
In what cell types can hypertrophy occur
most organs/tissues Mainly in stable or permanent cells
40
In what cell types can hyperplasia occur
Only in organs with dividing cells Mainly labile cells
41
describe hypertrophy & its stimuli
Increase in size of cells (by producing more organelles) resulting in increase in size of organ Stimuli: - increased functional demand (e.g. muscle) - Stimulation by hormones (e.g. uterus during pregnancy) - growth factors or viruses Not always useful as blood supply may not increase adequately to serve increased mass (Hypertrophy & hyperplasia often occur together & have same gross appearance)
42
describe hyperplasia & its stimuli
Increase in number of cells in organ/tissue, resulting in increased mass/size Stimuli: - increased functional demand (e.g. muscle) - Stimulation by hormones (e.g. uterus during pregnancy) - growth factors or viruses (Hypertrophy & hyperplasia often occur together & have same gross appearance)
43
What is atrophy
decrease in cell size & number, resulting in reduced size of organ/tissue
44
Give examples of physiologic atrophy
e.g. during embryonal/fetal development, uterus atrophy after parturition
45
Give examples of pathologic atrophy
Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse) Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) Diminished blood supply Inadequate nutrition Loss of endocrine stimulation Pressure
46
describe metaplasia & its causes
Potentially reversible change in which a differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type Most common: columnar to squamous epithelial Causes: - chronic irritation - deficiencies (e.g. Vit A) - result of cell/tissue injury - oestrogen toxicity
47
What are the types of disorders of growth & their definitions
Agenesis: never developed Aplasia: started development but stopped early Atresia: absence of an orifice Hypoplasia: incomplete development Dysplasia: disordered growth Neoplasia: abnormal growth of cells
48
Small intestine: enteritis, necrohaemorrhagic, segmental, acute, severe Aetiology: Parvovirus infection
49
No, this is livor mortis
50
hemangiosarcoma
51
Haired skin of face & neck is multifocally elevated by well-demarcated, round, red, hairless, firm, nodular masses that measure approx 5-10mm in diameter
52
Heart, left ventricle: Myocardial hypertrophy, diffuse, severe, chronic
53
Lungs & thoracic cavity: haemorrhage, multifocal to coalescing, severe, acute with moderate haemothorax (In this case haemorrhage was due to ingestion of anticoagulant rodenticides)
54
Conjunctiva: Mucopurulent exudative conjunctivitis, marked, regional, acute to subacute with regional, moderate, oedema
55
Cerebrum: Meningioma
56
No, its not a lesion This is pseudomelanosis
57
Mandibular oral mucosa: Oral malignant melanoma Very aggressive Neoplasm is invading into bony structures of mandible
58
Not a lesion Body as a whole: oedema, diffuse, severe (consistent with anasarca) possible causes: - decreased intravascular oncotic pressure - increased venous hydrostatic pressure
59
Long bone: physeal fracture, focally extensive, severe, acute
60
haired skin over dorsal scapula: important differential in this location is feline injection site sarcoma These neoplasms can be very aggressive
61
Urinary bladder: urolithiasis & chronic, diffuse, moderate, cystitis
62
Diaphragm: herniation of abdominal viscera, focal, severe, acute with compression of pulmonary parenchyma
63
| Duodenum
Within duodenum is focal, full thickness, perforation with 1.5cm diameter
64
Haired skin, chin: folliculitis, multifocal, moderate, chronic
65
Thyroid glands: adenomatous hyperplasia, multifocal & bilateral, severe, chronic
66
Perianal gland: adenoma

LEAH FCP (151 decks)

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