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LEAH FCP > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Substance used to stimulate immunity to particular infectious disease or pathogen, typically prepared from inactivated or weakened form of causative agent or from its constituents or products

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2
Q

Describe the perfect vaccine

A

Immune response that is:
- strong
- lifelong
- appropriate immune response
- in the right place

Safe

Cheap

Easy to administer

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3
Q

What are the types of bacterial vaccines?

A

Inactivated / killed

Attenuated

Subunit (e.g. purified tetanus toxin, inactivated by treatment with formalin (tetanus toxoid) for vaccination against tetanus)

Recombinant (e.g. purified OspA, encoded by gene from Borrelia burgdorferi, protects dogs against Lyme disease)

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4
Q

What are the types of viral vaccines?

A

Inactivated (whole virus / split)
Attenuated

Subunit
Vectored

(Plasmid) DNA
mRNA

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5
Q

What are the pros and cons of infectious vaccines (e.g. live attenuated)?

A

Replication – rapid robust immunity
Single dose may be enough
Potential cause mild disease

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6
Q

What are the pros and cons of non-infectious vaccines (e.g. inactivated)?

A

Less likely to stimulate both cell-mediated immunity & antibodies
Cannot cause signs of disease
Usually requires multiple doses + adjuvant
Duration of immunity generally short

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7
Q

What are the common components of vaccines?

A
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8
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

They enhance immunogenicity (Provoke immune response)

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9
Q

Give some examples of adjuvants

A

Chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins
- Aluminium salts (alum)
- Oil emulsions
- Squalene - triterpene derived from shark liver oil
- Liposomes
- Saponins - bitter-tasting, usually toxic plant-derived secondary metabolites
- Non-ionic block copolymers - surfactants made from ethylene oxide (EO) & propylene oxide (PO)
- Cytokines
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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10
Q

What are the different causes of adverse events?

A

Vaccine-induced effect (something wrong with vaccine)
Vaccine-potentiated effect (underlying issue in body)
Programmatic error (e.g. overdosing)
Coincident effects

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11
Q

What are the types of adverse events?

A

Local or systemic
- Heat, swelling, redness at vaccine site
- Lethargy, loss of appetite / fever* (pregnancy loss)
- Severe allergic reaction (rare)

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12
Q

What is feline injection site sarcoma (FISS)?

A

Tumours (high-grade sarcomas) linked to vaccine administration

Time from vaccination to tumour development 3m to 4y

Radical excision with radiation therapy recommended for tumours in skin over thorax or abdomen; limb amputation for tumours at injection sites on limb

High recurrence rates

Role of adjuvants, genetics

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13
Q

How can FISS be avoided?

A

Only administer necessary vaccines

Avoid adjuvanted vaccines/use attenuated or recombinant vaccines

Follow vaccine site recommendations
- Use distal limbs, tail, lateral abdomen
- Avoid the ‘scruff’

Use a different site each year
- Either record site on vaccination card or adopt policy practice for each year

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14
Q

Describe a type 1 hypersensitivity caused by a vaccine

A

IgE-mediated allergic response

IgE can precipitate degranulation of mast cells & release of histamine leading to anaphylactic shock

Usually within a few minutes

e.g. some vaccines have gelatin in it & if allergic can have reaction to those vaccines

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15
Q

Fill in the table with hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines

A
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16
Q

What are the key advantages & disadvantages of inactivated/killed vaccines?

A

They can be made rapidly

Expensive if high level of containment is required
Have short duration of immunity

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17
Q

What is a major drawback of subunit vaccines?

A

They often produce a poor immune response

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18
Q

What is a potential risk of live attenuated vaccines?

A

They have the potential for reversion to virulence

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19
Q

What is a key disadvantage of vectored vaccines?

A

Repeated use can lead to immunity against vector itself, reducing vaccine effectiveness

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20
Q

What are the key advantages & disadvantages of DNA vaccines?

A

They provide good T-cell mediated immunity

It is difficult to generate a strong antibody response

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21
Q

What is the DIVA strategy?

A

Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals

Diagnostic test used to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals by detecting antibodies to proteins not present in the vaccine

Can’t use DIVA strategy with vaccine containing whole pathogen

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of adjuvants?

Study These Flashcards
A

Form a depot for slow antigen release.

Trigger cytokine/chemokine release to boost signalling.

Recruit APCs to the injection site.

Promote antigen uptake and processing by APCs.

Stimulate APC maturation and activation of T and B cells.

Enable MHC presentation of antigens to T cells.

Guide APCs to lymph nodes to activate naïve cells.

Activate B cells (antibody production) and CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic response)

23
Q

What are the key steps in ensuring the safety of veterinary vaccines?

Study These Flashcards
A

Pre-licensing tests check for safety, efficacy (immune response), and effectiveness (real-world protection).

Authorisation is granted by bodies like the EMA and VMD.

Post-licensing tests ensure batch safety and quality before release.

24
Q

What factors contribute to an increased risk of vaccine associated adverse effects?

Study These Flashcards
A

Small dogs
Neutered
Multiple vaccines on one occasion

25
What are examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines?
Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP) – Linked to Pregsure BVD vaccine - Caused by alloantibodies attacking calf bone marrow Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats - Vaccine viruses cultured in feline kidney cells may lead to renal autoantibody production
26
What is an example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by vaccines?
Rabies vaccine-induced cutaneous vasculitis Causes mild skin reactions & hair loss at injection site Certain breeds (e.g. Poodles) are predisposed
27
Describe a type IV hypersensitivity reaction caused by vaccines
Delayed hypersensitivity (days to weeks after vaccination) Mediated by T cells which produce cytokines Leads to granuloma formation – fibrous stroma with macrophages, lymphocytes & giant cells around persistent antigen
28
What are the main reasons for vaccination?
Prophylactic vaccines – Prevent infectious disease in individuals, offspring, or populations Therapeutic vaccines – E.g.: Oncept melanoma vaccine for dogs to reduce tumors Immunocontraceptive vaccines – Target GnRH or zona pellucida Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT) – Multiple small doses to achieve immunotolerance
29
How does herd immunity work?
Depends on the reproduction number (R0) of pathogen Example thresholds: Influenza (R0 = 2.0) → 40% vaccinated for herd immunity. Measles (R0 = 12-18) → 83-94% vaccinated for herd immunity
30
Why is vaccine effectiveness important for herd immunity?
Coverage needs depend on vaccine effectiveness E.g.: Equine influenza outbreaks occur when there is mismatch between vaccine strain & circulating strain Imperfect vaccines may prevent disease but not virus shedding, allowing silent transmission
31
What is the purpose of boosters?
Antibody level goes up with more exposures First vaccination IgM & boosters IgG
32
What are the canine core vaccines?
Canine distemper virus (CDV) Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV) Leptospira interogans
33
What are the canine non-core vaccines?
Bordetella bronchiseptica Canine parainfluenza virus & Borrelia burgdorferi (kennel cough) Leishmaniasis Canine herpesvirus Rabies virus
34
What are the feline core vaccines?
Feline parvovirus (FPV) Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV1) Feline calicivirus (FCV)
35
What are the feline non-core vaccines?
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) Chlamydophila felis Rabies
36
What are the canine vaccination schedules?
Initially: 8 weeks, 12 weeks,1 year & then: - Distemper (CDV), Infectious hepatitis (CAV) & Canine parvovirus (CPV2) every 3 years - Leptospirosis every 1 year Initially: 12 weeks, 1 year & then: - Kennel cough every year
37
What are the feline vaccination schedules?
Initially: 8 weeks, 12 weeks,1 year & then: - Cat flu every 1 year - FPLV & FeLV every 3 years
38
What vaccinations are given to rabbits?
Myxomatosis Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV-1 and -2)
39
What vaccinations are given to ferrets?
Rabies (travel) Canine distemper virus – not licensed in ferret
40
What vaccinations are given to horses?
Depends on use Equine influenza may be compulsory / required - Competition animals - Livery Equine arteritis for breeding stock Equine herpesvirus Strangles
41
What are the category 1 vaccines in dairy cattle?
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) Leptospirosis Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) Calf scour
42
What are the category 1 vaccines in beef cattle?
Suckler cows - BVD - Leptospirosis - Clostridial disease Suckler calves - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) - Clostridial disease Growing and feeding cattle - Clostridial disease - IBR
43
What are the category 2 vaccines in dairy cattle?
Salmonella Ringworm Mastitis Lungworm Clostridial Arboviruses
44
What are the category 2 vaccines in beef cattle?
45
What are the category 1 vaccines in sheep?
Clostridial disease Footrot Toxoplasmosis Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) Pasteurellosis
46
What are the category 2 vaccines in sheep?
Orf Ovine Johne’s Disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis)
47
Can vaccines be combined in the same syringe?
Follow manufacturer guidelines E.g.: - Nobivac DHPPi can be reconstituted with Lepto-2 - Bovilis Bovipast RSP (inactivated) can be given on same day as IBR Marker Live, but not mixed
48
What are the different routes of vaccine administration?
Parenteral (injection-based) - Intramuscular (IM) - Subcutaneous (SC) - Intradermal (ID) - Intranasal (IN) - Submucosal Other Routes - Oral (water-based or bait (rabies vaccine for wildlife)) - Immersion (fish) - Spray (poultry)
49
What factors should be considered before vaccinating small animals?
Core vs. non-core vaccines Age of animal Pregnancy/lactation status Medical conditions – Any past vaccine reactions? Medication use – Some drugs (e.g. immunosuppressants) may reduce vaccine efficacy
50
What factors should be considered before vaccinating livestock?
Pregnancy/lactation – Some vaccines have meat & milk withdrawal periods Herd health status – Are there ongoing outbreaks? Timing of vaccines – Coordinate with calving/lambing Cost vs. benefit analysis – Is mass vaccination needed? Handler circumstances (e.g. immune status/pregnancy)
51
How do equine vaccination rules vary?
Competition horses – Must follow governing body rules Tetanus – Essential for all horses Equine influenza – British Dressage, British Eventing, FEI require specific timing
52
What is the "immunity gap," and why is it important for vaccination?
Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) protect newborns but gradually decline over time Immunity gap occurs when maternal AB are too low to provide protection but animal has not yet produced sufficient AB on its own This typically happens between 4-12 weeks of age Vaccination should be timed within this period to stimulate animal’s immune system before full MDA loss leaves them vulnerable to infection
53
Why might vaccines be less effective in older animals?
Immunosenescence (aging immune system) leads to: - Reduced antigen uptake - Weaker T cell responses - Impaired memory cell function “Inflamm-aging” – Older animals have increased chronic inflammation (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α)
54
How should vaccination protocols change for older cats?
FeLV may not be needed if cat is indoors-only ‘Flu’ (herpesvirus/calicivirus) boosters – Consider annual boosters instead of every 3y Feline panleukopenia (FPLV) still needed for protection Older cats have weaker immune systems → disease consequences are more severe

LEAH FCP (151 decks)

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