Group 1 Flashcards

Question

Benjamin Franklin #25

Answer 1

#25 Time: Alive January 17th, 1706 through April 17th, 1790 C.E. Who: Franklin has been argued as one of the most prominent figures of the early Americas. Even without much of a formal education, Franklin went on to own the Pennsylvania Gazette and run his own publishing company, create astounding discoveries revolving around electricity (the lightning rod), advancements for public life in numerous areas, become the first U.S. Postmaster General, laid the groundwork for the Articles of Confederation, served as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, helped to draft the Declaration of Independence, and helped negotiate and draft the 1783 Treaty of Paris, among many other accomplishments. He did, however, own slaves and gained financial benefit from the slave trade. Late in his life he wrote about his opposition to slavery, contrasting from his earlier years ([history.com](https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/benjamin-franklin)) ([pennandslaveryproject.org](https://pennandslaveryproject.org/exhibits/show/slaveownership/earlytrustees/benfrank)).

Answer 2

#26 Time: Alive around 1753 through December 5th, 1784 C.E. Who: The first African American and third American woman to publish a book of poems, Phillis Wheatley became known for her inspiring literature and opposition of slavery. Born in Gambia, Africa but captured and brought to America in 1761, she was educated by her owners- the Wheatley family- in Greek, Latin, and English languages as well as astronomy and geography. She published her first poem in 1767, and published a book of poems in 1773. Her inspirations seem to have derived from those she studied (notably Alexander Pope and Thomas Gray) as well as her African Heritage. The latter can be seen through her elegies. She also incorporated religion into her works, causing her to gain even more fame during her time. She believed that slavery was the issue that, "prevented the colonists from achieving true heroism" and consistently wrote of liberty and freedom ([womenshistory.org](https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/phillis-wheatley)).

Answer 3

#27 Time: 1754 through 1783 C.E. What: During the Revolutionary Era, the American colonists united to resist the oppressive actions of the British government. Britain's attempt to control the colonies and the colonists' commitment to self-government led to American's declamation of independent nationhood in 1776 and the Revolutionary War (1775-1783). This period ends with the American victory and the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783. Revolutionary ideals led to new forms of government and also challenged traditional class structure and slavery.

Answer 4

#28 Time: 1756 through 1763 C.E. What: A war where the British, Anglo-American colonists, and the Iroquois Confederacy faced off against the French and the Native allies of the French. The war began as both the French and the British wanted to extend their territory in frontier regions. During the war, the French captured Minorca in the Mediterranean whereas the British defeated French troops in India and also conquered Canada. The French and Indian War sparked the Seven-Years’ War, which ended in the British defeat of the Spanish and the French, the Treaty of Paris (in which Britain gained Spanish Florida and all French territory east of the Mississippi in North America causing the expulsion of French people from those areas), and harsh taxes being imposed by the British to pay for the war ([history.state.gov](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 5

#29 Time: Established in 1763 C.E. What: A boundary demarcated in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental divide, the British Parliament prohibiting Anglo-Americans from settling past this border (and, hence, settle onto land recently acquired from the French). Due to fear of another Pontiac's Rebellion conflict in addition to not wanting Anglo-Americans to become economically independent of Britain, the boundary was enacted. This Proclamation Line, however, only increased tensions between the British and the Anglo-Americans as many of the latter believed that the British were trying to restrict financial profit to repay personal debts from the prior war, this all adding to later rebellion ([mountvernon.org](https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/proclamation-line-of-1763/#:~:text=The%20Proclamation%20Line%20of%201763,the%20French%20and%20Indian%20War.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 6

#30 Time: 1763 through 1765 C.E. What: An armed rebellion that occured between the British Empire and the Algonquian, Muskogean, Iroquonian, and Siouan-Speaking Native Americans in North America. The rebellion occured due to increased anger at the British colonizaiton of Native American land and diminishmet of Native American soverignienty, with Ottawa cheif Pontiac sparking the rebellion in order to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It began in the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley, but soon spread as far as the Illinois Country and Virginia. While the Native Americans raided and demolished several British areas, the war soon ended due to British distribution of disease infected blankets to the Native Americans, French aid to the Native Americans failing to supply, and the assurance of more rights. So, the British promised to, "conform to Native understandings of their alliances and recognize Indigenous soverignty", with American colonists- generally not fond of the Native Americans- being frustrated by the change by the British ([mountvernon.org](https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/pontiacs-rebellion/#:~:text=Pontiac's%20Rebellion%20(1763%2D1765),following%20the%20Seven%20Years'%20War.)) (American Pageant).

Answer 7

#31 Time: Passed on March 22nd, 1765 C.E. What: An act made by the British Parliament that forced the Anglo-Americans to pay a tax on paper, playing cards, and documents, among other things, in order to pay for the British troops that were positioned in the colonies during the Seven Year's war. The tax, however, was only payable in British sterling (a material hard for American colonists to obtain) and was not approved by colonial legislatures. Those who did not pay the tax could face harsh consequences by the British. The Stamp Act led to the colonist saying of, "no taxation without representation" and further prompted retaliations and rebellion (in spite of institutions such as a Stamp Act Congress) against the British ([gilderlehrman.org](https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/stamp-act-1765#:~:text=11%20On%20March%2022%2C%201765,%2C%20documents%2C%20and%20playing%20cards.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 8

#32 Time: Formed in 1766 C.E. What: The Sons of Liberty were patriotic groups expanding across many colonies that centered around rebelling against the Stamp act and distributed nonimportation agreements. They used direct retaliatory actions and violence to refute British taxes and tax collectors. Notably, Patrick Henry of the Sons of Liberty shouted, "Give me liberty or give me death!" to a gathering in Virginia. The Daughters of Liberty were also patriotic groups that also organized nonimportation agreements, in addition to refuting the British taxes in many ways. They were not violent in their conduct, but instead participated in tasks such as extra spinning so as to not need British imports, banning British Tea from meetings, not wearing British lace or ribbons, or not associating with a man who did not also support the rights of American colonists against British taxation ([battlefields.org](https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/who-were-sons-and-daughters-liberty)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 9

#33 Time: March 5th, 1770 C.E. What: A massacre where British soldiers fired guns into a crowd of, "volatile Bostonians", killing five people and wounding six. After the British had been undermining/fighting with colonists and local Bostonians for several years, groups of the Boston locals set out one night with the goal of causing an, "irreversible action" by the British sentries. On King Street, a group of colonists berated a British sentry named Private White with insults and threw objects at him, until he had reinforcements (notably Captain Thomas Preston) and a shot was fired. Chaos erupted after this, with the deaths ensuing and the British soldiers being put into jail. The Massacre led to even further hostility of the British by the colonists as they mourned for those they had lost ([nps.gov](https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/boston-massacre.htm#:~:text=On%20March%205%2C%201770%2C%20seven,and%20angering%20an%20entire%20colony.)) (American Pageant).

Answer 10

#34 Time: December 16th, 1773 C.E. What: A protest by the American colonists that occurred at Griffin's Wharf in Boston against the British East India company. As the company had recently received a monopoly over tea trade and the colonists were angered at the British control that was being imposed over them and their tea imports, a group of American colonists disguised as Indians dumped 342 chests of the British tea into Boston Harbor. The event was seen as, "the first major act of defiance to British rule over the colonies" and caused the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts to be passed by British Parliament. It did, though, add kindling to the flame rebellion in many colonists, most (such as John Adams) feeling great pride in the Bostonians' action (while a few, such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, were not fond of the proceedings) ([history.com](https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 11

#35 Time: Passed in 1774 C.E. What: Four laws passed by the British Parliament as a punishment for the Boston Tea Party. These laws were the Boston Port Act (making it so that the Royal Navy could stop trade in the Boston port unless given direct permission by Britain), the Massachusetts Government Act (making it so that the Massachusetts council was appointed by the Crown and that other members of the legal system could be appointed, causing the judicial system of the colony to be corrupted), the Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice (allowing the Crown-elected governor to move a court case to British jurisdiction and eliminating, "the right to a fair trial by one's peers"), and the Quartering Act (giving high-ranking military officials the right to demand better accommodations for troops, not specifically in colonists' houses but still at the colonists' expense). The Quebec Act could also be considered a part of the Intolerable Acts, this allowing for Quebec to expand and the religion of the Church of Rome to be practiced. The Acts prompted the First Continental Congress to take place and for the colonists' to enact a boycott of all British goods, furthering the slope to war ([mountvernon.org](https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/the-coercive-intolerable-acts-of-1774/#:~:text=The%20Coercive%20Acts%20of%201774%2C%20known%20as%20the%20Intolerable%20Acts,for%20the%20Boston%20Tea%20Party.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 12

#36 Time: September 5th through October 26th, 1774 C.E. What: A colonist meeting in which representatives of twelve of the thirteen colonies discussed a response to the Intolerable Acts. The convention was located in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with delegates being elected through the respective systems of their colonies, housing members such as John Adams, George Washington, and Samuel Adams with the president of the Congress being Peyton Randolph (of Virginia). The Continental Congress ordered certain Massachusetts citizens not to obey the Intolerable Acts, and, notably more importantly, created The Continental Association which banned the importation of all British imports and, at a later date, exports ([mountvernon.org](https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/first-continental-congress/#:~:text=The%20First%20Continental%20Congress%20convened,future%20under%20growing%20British%20aggression.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 13

#37 Time: May 1775 through 1781 C.E. What: A reconvening of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia in response to British uprising and an impending war. The Continental Army was created, with George Washington chosen as the supreme commander and money began to be printed to pay for the supplies. Even though several members did want to be free of the English, many only wanted pacified relations and sent a peace treaty to King George III. This treaty, however, was rejected and George III sent mercenaries to deal blows in the colonies. So, as more and more were set on independence, the members of the Continental Congress drafted what was to be the guidelines of their new country, that being a formal declaration of independence ([ushistory.org](https://www.ushistory.org/us/10e.asp)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 14

#38 Time: Published in January, 1776 C.E. What: A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine- a recent English immigrant that moved to the Americas- that urged colonists to fight for independence when many were undecided about what the dealings with England would proceed as. The pamphlet, read by many in America, urged for an establishment of a republican government (and has been noted to have had a, "radical democratic spirit") and discussed the abhorrences of a monarchy. It prompted many colonists to want independence ([constitutioncenter.org](https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/thomas-paine-common-sense-1776)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 15

#39 Time: Enacted in America in 1787 C.E. What: "Based on the principle of popular sovereignty", a governing method in which freedom and representation were upheld as core values. Republicanism in America consisted of self-rule by American citizens themselves while still having systems of government that kept each other in balance (such as seen with the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution, etc.). Drawing inspiration from Republicanism in Ancient Greece, the American system refuted mob violence and, at points, has been noted to have used to refute slavery. The Republic of America has been known to have six qualities, those being that it is a natural-rights, democratic, extended, commercial, federal, and compound republic ([constitutingamerica.org](https://constitutingamerica.org/conclusion-american-republicanism-as-a-way-of-life-guest-essayist-will-morrisey/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 16

#40 Time: March 31st, 1776 C.E. What: A quote from a letter that Abigail Adams sent to her husband, John Adams, as he was participating in the Continental Congress and making decision about what America was going to be. In her letter, she urged for the rights of women and spoke of the atrocities that men would exhibit if allowed, threatening to act if women were not justly represented. This letter notes some of the first discussion of equal gender rights in America, arguing for what was not to come for over 100 years ([blogs.loc.gov](https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/03/remember-the-ladies/)).

Answer 17

#41 Time: Signed on July 4th, 1776 C.E. What: A formal document proclaiming American independence from Britain, discussing the natural rights theory, and outlining American government (and comparing it to a lesser English governing system) for the future of the country. It was drafted by the Committee of Five (Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert R. Livingston, Roger Sherman, and Thomas Jefferson), but was actually written by Thomas Jefferson and then later approved by congress. The document was signed by at least one representative of each of the fourteen American colonies of the time, each signer pledging their, "lives... fortunes... and sacred honor" to each other. The declaration enabled America to ask for foreign aid, as well as inspiring other countries to fight for freedom and establish independence ([billofrightsinstitute.org](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/declaration-of-independence)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 18

#42 Time: Division notably emerged around the 1760s C.E. Who: Also known as "Tories", members of the colonies that were not for the Revolution (before and during the war) and wished to remain loyal to the British Crown. Many loyalists received harsh punishments if they were to speak out about their views, being tarred and feathered, having their property burned, or even being hung. A notable loyalist includes Tomas Hutchinson, who ended up fleeing to England when the war started. Other loyalists were also some enslaved African-Americans, as they were promised freedom by the British if they left their Patriot masters. Approximately 100,000 loyalists left America before/during the war, many going to Canada (and therefore starting new cultures there) if they could not make it to England ([ushistory.org](https://www.ushistory.org/us/13c.asp)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 19

#43 Time: Alive February 22nd, 1732 through December 14th, 1799 C.E. Who: Born into a wealthy family, he began his professional life as a surveyor. Without any military experience, he was made a commander in chief of the Virginia militia, fought in the French and Indian War, and proceeded to resign from his military position. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and later was named Commander in Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. One of his most famed leadership periods was during Valley Forge (winter of 1777-1778 C.E.). He then went onto fight several battles in the war, and was named a national hero once the war had ended. Hoping to return back home but instead being brought to the Constitutional Convention, he was nominated as the most qualified to become President of the new country, and he received the most votes. He returned to his home of Mount Vernon after his presidential campaign, passing away three years later ([history.com](https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-washington)).

Answer 20

#44 Time: September 19th through October 7th, 1777 C.E. What: A battle in which a painful British loss convinced the French to ally with America against Britain, this later helping to seal the American victory of the war. As the British General John Burgoyne marched his troops (which had already taken many losses) to Saratoga, he was met with General Horatio Gates and his soldiers, in addition to Gates' strong defenses on Bemis Heights. The battalions fought at Freeman's Farm, to which the British were surviving but without reinforcements, causing the surrender of Burgoyne to Gates. It has been estimated that approximately 330 American soldiers died while approximately 1,135 British soldiers died ([battlefields.org](https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/saratoga)).

Answer 21

#45 Time: 1776 through 1789 C.E. What: The critical peered gets its name from the fact that the system of American government had not yet been decided upon, leading to an unstable and precarious situation. The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) proved far too weak to be effective. The Constitution strengthened federal power, while also protecting against tyranny by separating powers into three branches of government. The critical period ended when the nation ratified the Constitution in 1789.

Answer 22

#46 Time: Enacted on March 1st, 1781 C.E. (and was enforced until 1789 C.E.) What: Known as the first American Constitution, that outlined power and relations, highlighting the importance of states' rights and a weak national Congress. It was written by John Dickinson (a member of one of the committees created by the Second Continental Congress), and upheld that each state would be independent and sovereign while only getting one vote in Congress (no matter the population). Maryland was the first state to ratify it, prompting the Congress of the Confederation to establish. The Articles of Confederation, however, did not allow the government to tax any of the states or regulate commerce, creating problems for the newly named "United States of America" as they had insufficient funds for paying back Revolutionary War debts. This prompted a new Constitution ([archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/articles-of-confederation)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 23

#47 Time: Adopted on July 13th, 1787 C.E. What: A set of rules for what would become of the territory that was NorthWest of the Ohio River. Most likely written by Nathan Dane and Rufus King, it outlined that there could be no less than three but no more than five states created, that each state much follow a three-stage method in order to be admitted to the Union, and that a Bill of Rights was guaranteed and to be enacted in the state. The third point (for these new states) emphasized freedom of religion and legal rights, encouraged education, and made slavery illegal. The ordinance was adopted by the Confederation Congress (a congress working under the Articles of Confederation) ([archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/northwest-ordinance#:~:text=The%20Northwest%20Ordinance%20chartered%20a,rights%20guaranteed%20in%20the%20territory.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 24

#48 Time: 1786 through 1787 C.E. What: An armed rebellion led by Continental Army Captain Daniel Shays in response to persistent debt collectors and property foreclosures. After the Revolutionary war, many war veterans were not compensated for their service, as the American government was not established to tax its citizens for money to repay back war costs. Merchants in Europe and America, too, wanted compensation for their contributions to the war, so they began to collect debts from the Americans (especially affecting rural farmers), which many were not able to pay. Angered by this and the Massachusetts State Legislature not responding to petitions, Captain Shays led a rebellion, with his 1,500 men combating with 1,200 militiamen sent to fight him. After four of Shays' men were killed and twenty were wounded, though, they retreated and were captured. The rebellion did prompt fears of a "mob rule" in the states, however, majorly from Revolutionary leaders ([mountvernon.org](https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/shays-rebellion/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 25

#49 Time: May through September of 1787 C.E. What: A meeting between representatives of all the states that discussed and made adaptations to the preexisting orders of the Articles of Confederation, those old orders being insufficient to effectively run a country. During the convention, ordinances for a more powerful federal government, division of foreign affairs (and other practices) within the branches of the government (creating checks and balances), state union statuses, rights for states, and other systems meant to improve American governing were established. These rights were published in The United States Constitution, a formal document that is still followed in the present day ([history.state.gov](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/convention-and-ratification)).

Answer 26

#50 Time: July 16th, 1787 C.E. What: A compromise (for the Virginia and New Jersey plans) that made it so that each state would have a number of members in the House of Representatives proportional to how their population size compared to other states, while the Senate would have two representatives per state, no matter the population. The compromise also outlined limits and restrictions for both the House and Senate, saying that a person must be 30 and can serve on two-year terms in the House, while a person must be 25 and can serve on six year terms in the Senate. When electing the Representatives and Senators, as well, an important note that the states always had some- if not all- input for electing the people. These systems apply in all cases (except for allowed changes in Senate cases involving money). The compromise headed the way for other compromises involving slavery and the Electoral College ([senate.gov](https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Great_Compromise.htm)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 27

#51 Time: Established during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 What: A plan created earlier by James Madison but proposed again by James Wilson (of Pennsylvania) in the Continental Congress establishing that each state would count 3/5 of their slaves as part of their population (instead of, of course, counting each slave as one person) when considering appointments of Representatives, Presidential electors, and direct taxes. This was the solution to prior tax evasions and an ongoing debate between northern and southern states, each wanting more of a representation and less taxes. The 3/5 Compromise increased Southern power in the Continental Congress for a time and kept slaveholding Presidents in office for over forty-five years ([digitalhistory.uh.edu](https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=163)).

Answer 28

#52 Time: Published in 1788 C.E. What: Also known as *The Federalist*, a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay (all under the pseudonym "Publius") that were published in various New York newspapers in hopes of convincing New Yorkers to ratify the new United States Constitution. They explained specific aspects of the new constitution (in relation to the Articles of Confederation), and have been used as a guide to the authors' intentions of the Constitution. They were first published in *The New York Packet* and *The Independent Journal*, but then spread all over New York and to several other states. It is believed that John Jay wrote five of the papers, James Madison wrote twenty nine, and Hamilton wrote fifty one ([guides.loc.gov](https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/full-text)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 29

#53 Time: After the End of the American Revolution (Approximately after 1783 C.E.) What: A value in which women of the Americas were expected to assume customary women statuses in the country, being mothers and wives that reinforced, "patriotic knowledge and fervor" within their households. In the wake of wartime crises and husbands leaving to fight, many American women were having to take over their husband's roles, able to assume more responsibility in their own lives, and were allowed to support war efforts by taking part in protests, signing petitions, making political decisions, and more. As the war ended, however, many Americans were not happy with the new roles that the women of the Americas were taking on, instead trying to revert back to traditional roles while telling women that the best way to support their country was to enforce virtuous Republican values at home (instead of in rallies and actions, such as they had done prior) ([battlefields.org](https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/republican-motherhood)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 30

#54 Time: 1789 through 1801 C.E. What: The Federalist Era is named for the party affiliation of America's first two Presidents. George Washington (1789-1797) and John Adams (1797-1801) tried to establish the new government and set the proper course for the nation's growth as they dealt with many foreign challenges by adhering to neutrality. Alexander Hamilton's financial program set the course for prosperity and a powerful federal government.

Answer 31

#55 Time: April 30th, 1789 through March 15th, 1797 C.E. Party: Not Affiliated Events: During his time as President, Washington helped to ratify the Bill of Rights in addition to allowing five more states in to the union. He also signed the "Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation between His Britannic Majesty; and The United States of America", a document that helped prevent war with Britain but increased tensions between America and France as well as upsetting some of Congress. Two other treaties were also signed under his presidency: Pickney's Treaty of 1795 and the Treaty of Tripoli. As a President, Washington was known for his neutral opinion on political matters and his avoidance of conflict, this being noted to have been in part due to the knowledge that he was setting up the Presidency for the future of America ([history.com](https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-washington)).

Answer 32

#56 Time: 1797 through 1801 C.E. Party: Federalist Events: Adams, during his presidency, dealt heavily with the situation between America and France, the possibility of war rising higher every second. So, he sent three commissioners to France, but- after an insulting offer in order to achieve peace be France- he began the, "X. Y. Z. fever", rallying support against France and for himself (and the Federalist Party). Several battles occurred during his presidency, ending in the French just calling for an envoy and not a war. Political groups were also much conflicted and contrasting during his time as President, setting the stage for what would be years of internal political battles ([whitehouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-adams/)).

Answer 33

#57 Time: Approved by all states (except for Virginia) in August, 1789 and approved by Virginia in December 15th, 1791 C.E. What: Called, "one of three founding documents", it is known as the first ten amendments in the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights focuses on specific individual rights and the rights of states to pass decisions for their own state about topics not explicitly covered in the Constitution. It was written by James Madison with the intention of increasing personal liberties and decreasing government power. Laws such as the right to Freedom of Speech, the right to Keep and Bear Arms, and the right to maintain private property (from soldiers) are examples of how this was enacted. The Bill of Rights seemed to follow the protests of the Anti-Federalists ([billofrightsinstitute.org](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/bill-of-rights)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 34

#58 Time: 1794 C.E. What: A rebellion against high taxes imposed upon, "spirits distilled within the United States, and for appropriating the same" by Americans on the frontier in Western Pennsylvania. The tax (proposed by Alexander Hamilton) was brought upon Americans as another way to resolve the Revolutionary War debt, but farmers felt it was an, "abuse of federal authority". As the protests became violent, President George Washington gathered 12,950 United States militiamen and marched them to Pennsylvania, to which the rebellion had dispersed with the news of the oncoming militia. The event helped to show the strength of the central government, the tax being repealed and the leaders of the rebellion being pardoned but the government proving their power ([mountvernon.org](https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/whiskey-rebellion/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 35

#59 Time: December 12th, 1791 C.E. What: A system of money handling that would end up helping to solve America's financial crisis' and influence the currency system in modern day. As the United States was dealing with, "reestablishing commerce and industry, repaying war debt, restoring the value of the currency, and lowering inflation", Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposed the idea of the first bank and it was passed by the House, the Senate, and President George Washington. So, the first Bank of the United States opened in Philadelphia, issuing paper money, providing a place to safely keep public funds, and collecting taxes, among other functions. It became the largest corporation in the America, working with State Banks to aid in public money management. It also helped advance Westward expansion ([federalreservehistory.org](https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/first-bank-of-the-us)).

Answer 36

#60 Time: Issued on April 22nd, 1793 C.E. What: A statement to the public that declared neutrality in the arising French and English conflict. This proclamation angered those that were for the French (Pro-Jeffersonians), as the French had aided in the independence of America. Also, those that were upset due to the Proclamation and restriction of action felt as though the decision was only made to help middle-class merchants. Washington issued the statement so as to assert power over the American people and to not be involved in yet another impending war ([mountvernon.org](https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/neutrality-proclamation/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 37

#61 Time: September 17th, 1796 C.E. What: A written address published initially in the Philadelphia Daily American Advertiser that told of then-President George Washington not running for a third presidential term, written as a guideline for the future government of America. The address, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Washington himself, "set forth Washington's defense of his administration's record and embodied a classic statement of Federalist doctrine" as it strove to preserve and uphold the Constitution and argued for the wellbeing of the nation needing to be placed above political alignment. He placed a strong emphasis on avoiding, "permanent alliances" with other nations, saying only to make alliances when absolutely necessary (aligning with his neutral composition) ([govinfo.gov](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21/pdf/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc21.pdf))(AmericanPageant).

Answer 38

#62 Time: Enacted in the Summer of 1795 C.E. What: A treaty that sought to cease violence between the Americans and the native Indians of the Great Lakes Tribes. For several years, American troops had been battling with Indian tribes of the Great Lakes throughout Western expansion, with many casualties on both sides and Indian villages being constantly attacked. With a recent brutal murder of over ninety Delaware Indians, even greater tension arising between the natives and the settlers, and the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the Americans proposed a treaty. The treaty involved the Native American tribes to give up a large portion of modern-day Ohio and other land in exchange for many goods from the Americans and was meant as a way to prevent invasions by settlers. The treaty was nullified, however, as the Americans kept expanding West ([nps.gov](https://www.nps.gov/articles/a-long-legacy.htm)) ([nhbp-nsn.gov](https://nhbp-nsn.gov/timeline/1795/)).

Answer 39

#63 Time: 1798 through 1799 C.E. What: Resolutions introduced in Virginia and Kentucky (being written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson) that provided states the ability to regulate government power by nullifying national legislation in their own state that was seen as unconstitutional. They were created in response to dislike of the Federalist-dominated politics and usages of presidential power (like the Alien and Sedition Acts). Even though it deemed more unnecessary a system that Madison and Jefferson had endorsed in the Bill of Rights, fourteen states supported it, although it caused much disruption about the rights of states in the years to come. The resolutions did help to unite the Democratic-Republican party, a noted main goal of the creators of the resolutions. The conflict was diffused as Thomas Jefferson assumed the Presidency and they expired in March of 1801, but the resolutions stayed in the heads of Americans as they saw increasing sectional divisions emerging ([monticello.org](https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/kentucky-and-virginia-resolutions/)) (AmericanPageant).

Group 1 Flashcards

Terms #1-63 (63 cards)