Group 5 Flashcards

Question

Baby Boom #259

Answer 1

#259 Time: 1946 through 1964 What: A "demographic explosion" caused by the births of children from returning soldiers (and others) as they came back from the war. This prompted the advancement of many systems, primarily education. At one time there were ~76.4 baby boomers in the U.S., comprising of ~40% of the American population ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/baby-boomers-1)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 2

#260 Time: During and the Decades After WWII What: The crescent of fifteen states in the American South/Southwest that experienced major population, political, and industrial growth, rivaling the "Frostbelt" of the Northeast (known prior for booming industries). This expansion was mostly due to federal spending, reduced taxes and wages, weakening unions, air conditioning, and desegregation ([DigitalHistory.UH.edu](https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3428)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 3

#261 Time: 1953 through 1961 Party: Republican Who: Born in Texas, stationed as a second lieutenant there, Commander of the Allied Forces in North Africa in 1942 and Supreme Commander during the D-Day operation, President of Columbia University and the head of the new assembly of NATO forces in 1951, Dwight D. Eisenhower was a prominent figure both internationally and globally even before his Presidency. Once he won the 34th Presidency, Eisenhower "Ike" first helped establish a treaty between North and South Korea, and then helped the U.S. navigate (with Russia) the extents of the hydrogen bombs. He also sent federal troops to enforce desegregation in schools, and ordered for the Armed Forces to be fully desegregated, as well. Before his Presidency's end, Eisenhower gave loans of uranium to smaller nations for peaceful purposes and urged maintaining a strong military, but not one that would grow to overwhelm. He died in 1969 on his farm in Gettysburg ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/dwight-d-eisenhower/)).

Answer 4

#262 Time: 1956 What: Called the "Greatest Public Works Project in History," the interstate highway system was established by the *Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956* (signed by Eisenhower) and construction began soon after. The system came to be one of the most influential developments in the U.S. as most everything shipment wise is taken over a highway. Also, the system caused a tremendous increase in transportation ease- and, therefore, greater expansion into new lands- to increase ([FHWA.DOT.gov](https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/thisday.cfm)).

Answer 5

#263 Time and Place: 1954 in the Supreme Court What: A court case with one of the biggest impacts on American society, *Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas* overturned *Plessy v. Ferguson* (saying segregation was not violating the 14th Amendment) by arguing that equal could never be achieved by "separate but equal." It also was one of the first major decisions against the Jim Crow laws and for the end of racial discrimination. Even though the decision received heavy criticism, it was a major win for the Civil Rights movement (and was enforced by those who favored judicial activism) and continues to inspire today ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 6

#264 Time: 1957 Who: After *Brown v. Board of Education,* schools were still reluctant to desegregate (for pressure by the community and internal influence). Immediately following the case, Little Rock's Central high school announced its desegregation policy, but it would be three years later before anyone would enact it. The Little Rock Nine were nine high-school-aged African American students who were the first African Americans to attend the high school. At their first and second attempts at entry, they were kept out by the state's National Guard (called by Arkansas' mayor) and many protestors. After a federal judged ordered the State's National Guard removed, the Little Rock Nine were escorted by the police and U.S. Army troops and were able to attend classes. They were still frequently met with discrimination, hatred, and bullying from their community and their classmates, but they persisted in their fight and call for change. The nine ended up inspiring the Supreme Court's decision in *Cooper v. Aaron* (1958) ([NMAAHC.SI.edu](https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/little-rock-nine)).

Answer 7

#265 Time: 1955 through 1956 What: After Rosa parks defiantly did not give up her seat on a city bus, black Alabamians began protesting for over a year against segregation on city busses. This boycott was a fight for justice (with King's house bombed at one point, even) and was one of the foundational acts of the Civil Rights movement and inspired major leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.. The boycott in Montgomery ended once the Supreme Court passed *Browder v. Gayle* stating that bus segregation is against the Constitution ([KingInstitute.Standford.edu](https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/montgomery-bus-boycott)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 8

#266 Time: 1956 through 1968 What: The political strategy employed by many (especially in the Southern States) that argued for no desegregation in schools after the ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case. Massive Resistance was introduced by Senator Harry Byrd and included a set of laws that would prolong segregation, including ideas such as eliminating the state funds of any school who desegregates and making attendance at schools optional. Massive Resistance was one of many movements in the South against desegregation in schools ([NAACPLDF.org](https://www.naacpldf.org/brown-vs-board/southern-manifesto-massive-resistance-brown/#:~:text=On%20February%2025%2C%201956%2C%20Senator,forestall%20and%20prevent%20school%20integration.)).

Answer 9

#267 Time: 1935 through 1977 Who: Called the "King of Rock and Roll," Elvis Presley was born in Mississippi and was influenced heavily by gospel music at an early age. After RCA Records signed him, he began putting out songs such as his #1 single "Heartbreak Hotel" and went out to release a #1 album. He won three Grammy awards and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Country Music Hall of Fame, and a Gospel Music Hall of Fame. The Ed Sullivan Show gave him his most kickstart to superstardom and he was also commonly seen on various movies. He was drafted and served in Germany for about a year and a half, where he met Priscilla, whom he married later. Their marriage soon fell apart though, and Priscilla received custody of their daughter, Lisa Marie Presley. At the age of 42, he died due to a heart failure (most likely caused by his drug addiction). Elvis resembles a big shift in the cultural world of America as music was coming to the forefront of it. Today, Elvis is still an icon of Rock and Roll and his music continues to carry on his legacy ([Biography.com](https://www.biography.com/musicians/elvis-presley)).

Answer 10

#268 Time: 1914 through 1995 Who: Born in NYC to Russian-Jewish immigrants who pushed their children to have a good education, he was the first in his family to go to college. He attended medical School at NYU and was invited to research influenza, and- after finishing medical school- he helped develop the first vaccine for influenza. He then went on to work at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School and, after seeing an opportunity, devoted himself to work on the polio vaccine (which ended up being an eight year venture). He succeeded in this task in 1955, even deciding not to patent the vaccine so that it could be disseminated freely. He then went on to write many books (some with his son{s}) and spent the rest of his life trying to develop an AIDS vaccine. He died at the age of 80 and his wife, Françoise Gilot, passed away 28 years later ([Achievement.org](https://achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/)).

Answer 11

#269 Time: 1957 What: A Soviet satellite that was the first human-made object put into orbit and being able to orbit the earth in 90 minutes, signaling not only a huge shift in the technological world but also fears from Americans about Soviet domination in the Space Race (fears became quite prevalent after a bigger Sputnik II was launched by the Society Union). This all played into the larger Cold War however, as it only increased tensions ([History.State.gov](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/sputnik)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 12

#270 Time: 1961 through 1963 Party: Democratic Who: Born of Irish descent in Massachusetts in 1917, John F. Kennedy was a Harvard graduate, fearless Navy solider, a U.S. Senator, a Pulitzer Prize winner, and, eventually, the youngest President and first Roman-Catholic President of the United States, winning after intense debates with Nixon. During his 35th Presidency, his primary goal was to "get America moving again" and he spent most of it establishing economic plans that targeted poverty and the disadvantaged. He also was a strong advocate for Civil Rights and a great national culture. While expanding these aspects, Kennedy allowed Cuban exiles to invade Cuba (trying and failing to overthrow Fidel Castro) and reinforced Berlin against the Soviet Union (after the wall had been built). Kennedy helped calm the Cuban Missile Crisis and develop the test ban treaty of 1963. He was killed assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald before his term expired ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/)).

Answer 13

#271 Time: Created in 1961 What: Created by President Kennedy in his New Frontier Vision, the Peace Corps is a federal agency that prompts Americans in foreign countries to volunteer to help develop various aspects- health care, educational systems, infrastructure, etc.- of that country (especially those countries that are increasingly disadvantaged or still growing). The Peace Corps became a federal agency after the U.S. saw the Soviet Union doing a program similar and postwar liberals wanted to both match theirs and help out others around the world. The first leader of the Peace Corps was John F. Kennedy's brother-in-law, R. Sargent Shriver, and- thanks to his work- the program is still continuing today and encouraging productive exchanges ([JFKLibrary.org](https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/peace-corps)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 14

#272 Time: 1961 (through 1989) What: The embattled and secured wire and concrete wall separating East Berlin from West Berlin. East Germany's Communist government built the wall (ordered by the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev) to keep out the capitalists or "fascists" of West Germany (when, in actuality, it just turned more Easterners towards the West's values). It remained with hatred for it on either side, until it was eventually said by the East German government that it could be taken down (due to new policies on border crossings) ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall#the-berlin-wall-the-fall-of-the-wall)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 15

#273 Time: 1962 What: Pushing the idea of nuclear confrontation to the forefront, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a face-off between John F. Kennedy and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev about the Soviet's trying to house nuclear weapons in Cuba. The crisis was averted, however, as the U.S. secretly agreed to remove their own missiles from Turkey if the Soviet Union would not launch missiles from Cuba, and the Soviet Union announced publicly it would be removing missiles from Cuba. So, it ended up in America's favor and put Kennedy in a good light both in America and internationally ([History.State.gov](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 16

#274 Time: 1954 through 1968 What: The "Separate but Equal" doctrine of segregation was dismantled beginning in 1954. Early civil rights leaders and organizations focused on ending inequality and discrimination using nonviolent protest and legal action, while the rise of Black nationalism, separatism, and violence evidenced continuing frustration with slow or partial change. Disillusionment with the increasingly violent protest of the 1960's led to the entrenchment of a conservative ideology between 1968 and 1992. The student movement, anti-war demonstrations, and women's and gay rights movement of the late 20th century all borrowed from the movement for black civil rights.

Answer 17

#275 Time: 1960 What: Inspired by the Freedom Riders and the brutal death of an innocent 14-year-old named Emmett Till, the Greensboro Sit-ins began with a group of four young Black men- Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil, all from the N.C. Agricultural and Technical college- who organized a peaceful protest against the Woolworth's restaurant in Greensboro, N.C.. These men- the Greensboro Four- remained peacefully at the restaurant (known for only serving white people) and had called in media coverage, where there sit-in was broadcasted across America. After this, the sit-in movement picked up nationwide, with more than 300 people coming to Woolworth's and other sit-ins in 55 cities across 13 states. These sit ins caused many more businesses than before to become integrated (especially in the South) and its nonviolence inspired the Freedom Riders and many others ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/the-greensboro-sit-in)).

Answer 18

#276 Time: Alive 1925 through 1965 Who: Malcolm X was born in Nebraska, moving to Michigan because of threats form white supremacists against his family and he entered a foster home after his father had been killed by the Black Legionaries and his mother had a nervous breakdown. Even though he was highly intelligent, he dropped out of school after 8th grade and began dealing drugs, sending him to prison, the place where he first heard about the Lost-Found Nation of Islam. After hearing the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, he changed his last name to X and- after he spent his six years in prison- went on to teach at Mosque No. 7 in Harlem where he grew the number of Nation of Islam followers from 400 to 40,000. He and the Nation of Islam "identified white people as the devil" and sought for justice- through any means necessary (putting him at odds with MLK Jr.). Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam in 1963 and went to Mecca and underwent a spiritual transformation (even changing his name) and saw anger as a fatal flaw. In 1964, he founded the Organization of Afro-American unity which saw racism, not the white race, as the "enemy of justice." He was assassinated in 1965, though his death and life were both highly influential in the Civil Rights movement ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/malcolm-x)).

Answer 19

#277 Time: August 1963 What: Initiated by A. Philip Randolph as he got some of the most prominent organizations in civil rights and workers rights (NAACP, National Urban League, UAW, etc.) to commit to attend, the March on Washington was a huge civil rights demonstration that argued for a strict federal bill pertaining to Civil Rights for American Blacks from the Kennedy administration. The March was attended by a wide variety of people but was not supported by some (like Malcolm X) who thought it too lenient of a protest. Martin Luther King Jr. said his famous "I Have a Dream" speech during this event, as well. Overall, the March prompted the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ([KingInstitute.Stanford.edu](https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 20

#278 Time: 1963 through 1969 Party: Democratic Who: Born in Texas and teaching at a local college, Lyndon B. Johnson learned compassion for people in poverty as he taught. He soon became a member of the House, a lieutenant commander in WWII, a senator (the youngest Minority and Majority leader in Senate history), and a Vice President to John F. Kennedy. After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson as the 36th President helped finish what Kennedy started, getting a new civil rights bill and a tax cut enacted. After he was re-elected, he proposed the Great Society program which Congress (for the most part) helped to fulfill (this also included the 1965 Medicare amendment). He also sought to use his power against segregation. Before his Presidency's end, Johnson helped resolve the Communist aggression in Viet Nam (even not running for President again to dedicate his full attention on the matter). He had a heart attack four years later and passed away on his Texas ranch ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/lyndon-b-johnson/)).

Answer 21

#279 Time: 1964 What: A Federal bill under the Johnson administration that "prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin," helping the fight to end segregation in schools and have access for public facilities for all, as well as mandating equal-opportunity hiring/job processes (empowering the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). It, in addition, strengthened the Amendment of voting rights for all. The act went finally ended the legal application of the Jim Crow laws and the "Separate but Equal" notion, and was amended later by Congress to have a stronger enforcement of ending discrimination ([DOL.gov](https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-1964#:~:text=The%20Civil%20Rights%20Act%20of%201964%20prohibits%20discrimination%20on%20the,hiring%2C%20promoting%2C%20and%20firing.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 22

#280 Time: 1965 What: Striving to end racial disenfranchisement, the bill was enacted by Congress (with support from President Johnson) in order to make illegal any means that would prohibit someone from voting, such as literacy tests or intimidation. It was an enforcer of the fifteenth amendment and immediately received harsh feedback from states but, nevertheless, by the end of the year over a quarter of a million new Black voters had registered. The Act was readopted and strengthened (or changed) four times ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 23

#281 Time: Around and During 1965 What: A series times in which an uprising was enacted due to racism and discrimination of Black people. A main part of the Long Hot Summers was- after a man in L.A. named Marquette Frye was forced to get out of his car by a police officer and then had a gun pulled on him- was a five day long bedlam of burning, looting, and rioting that killed 34 people and caused $40 million in damages. Others- spurred by events like these, poor treatment and living conditions throughout their lives, and the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.- broke out in many northern urban areas. They eventually fizzled out after the Kerner Commission helped many victimized African Americans and Johnson enacted his Great Society Program ([USHistory.org](https://www.ushistory.org/us/54g.asp?srsltid=AfmBOoqVfAuJHakmRRcP-AoZXm6YivUKXQicRKXFUNtCSpYi2BhyoN7f)).

Answer 24

#282 Time: 1966 through 1982 What: Calling for a new approach to the Civil Rights movement after the Civil and Voting Rights acts, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was inspired by Malcolm X's teachings of the Nation of Islam, teachings of the Communist Party of China, and *The Wretched of the Earth* book, and focused on Black "nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality." It was founded in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale and housed the Ten Point Platform, with points such as freedom and full employment for the Black Community, decent shelter, all Black men exempt from military service, and a trial with a jury of peers from the Black Community, among other points. The Black Panthers were targeted by the FBI but did provide meals for school children, adult education, sickle cell anemia screening, and legal aid ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/black-power/black-panthers#bpintro)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 25

#283 Time: 1964 through 1968 What: The domestic policy agenda of President Lyndon Johnson that fought for Civil Rights for all people as well as fighting poverty. The War on Poverty was a program within the Great Society, creating Medicare (for the aged) and Medicaid (for the poor). Laws shielding consumers and uplifting community organizations were also enacted in the hopes of tackling poverty. The Great Society was deemed a "successor to the New Deal" and- with Congress' support- also aided in developments in education, disease prevention, conservation, beautification, control on crime, and voting rights ([ObamaWhiteHouse.Archives.gov](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/lyndonbjohnson#:~:text=The%20Great%20Society%20program%20became,removal%20of%20obstacles%20to%20the)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 26

#284 Time: Began in 1965 What: A program trying to eliminate racial and gender discriminating in jobs and education. It come from Johnson's mandate that projects paid for by federal funds should go to extra lengths to ensure there be no discrimination in its execution. In the late 1960s, the Philadelphia Plan by President Nixon amended the Affirmative Action meaning, it then being changed to mean that certain groups receive the attention, rather than shielding individuals from discrimination. As time progressed, many aspects of Affirmative Action have been altered or challenged by the Supreme Court and it altogether was rolled back in 2023 ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/us-government-and-politics/affirmative-action)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 27

#285 Time: Alive 1907 through 1964 and Book Published in 1962 Who/What: Rachel Carson, raised in Pennsylvania with a love for both nature and writing, was a marine biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. She wrote many educational brochures for FWS as well as other books and articles, all crafted through much research and profound poetry. Her book, *Silent Spring*, was prompted after many years of hearing about the harmful affects of DDT (a synthetic insecticide) on nature, and was about the dangerous and deadly affects on DDT for animals and nature, with the most famous part of the book a chapter where a whole town is silenced by DDT. The book, though controversial (DDT helped kill large numbers of insects which helped for more mass-production of crops as well as helping civilians wipe out insects) picked up recognition and caused harsher speculation for DDT, even calling DDT to the attention of John F. Kennedy. Carson's 55 pages of notes and numerous certified scientist backings held strong, and the President's Science Advisory Committee proved the tellings in the book to be true and, hence, DDT was banned in America ([NRDC.org](https://www.nrdc.org/stories/story-silent-spring)).

Answer 28

#286 Time: Alive 1927 through 1993 Who: Born to Mexican American migrants in Arizona, Cesar Chavez dropped out of school after 8th grade and began working on his family's farm. Inspired by his community and events such as the Delano Grape Strike of 1965, he soon began advocating for farmworker's rights as well as civil liberties for Mexicans and Mexican-Americans. Chavez led a 340-mile march from Delano to Sacramento and took several hunger strikes to make the small pay and poor working conditions of him and his counterparts known, as well as advocating for pesticide awareness. Chavez inspired millions of people- not just farmworkers- to recognize and support "social, economic, and civil rights activism." He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton ([Diversity.Sonoma.edu](https://diversity.sonoma.edu/celebrating-heritage-and-identity/honoring-legacy-cesar-e-chavez)).

Answer 29

#287 Time: Alive 1921 through 2006 and Book Published in 1963 Who/What: Betty Friedan, born in Illinois, was a gifted student who graduated top of her class and attended an elite women's institution (Smith College). After seeing how women were loosing their jobs to men after they returned from WWII and how all of her classmates at Smith College had turned from women with high spirits and ambitions to homemakers, she felt she was "meant to do more" and began writing The Feminine Mystique. The book shook America- especially American women- to its core. It, during a time where contemplations on rights and justice were at the forefront, gave voice to women's cry for more than suburban housewifery. Friedan helped establish the National Organization for Women and the passing of the Equal Rights Amendment (which latter fizzled out due to conservative backlash). She and her book prompted what would become second-wave feminism ([BillofRightsInstitute.org](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/betty-friedan-and-the-womens-movement)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 30

#288 Time: Established in 1966 What: Established by Betty Friedan, Catherine Conroy, and 14 other women who attend a late-night hotel meeting and pledged to be a part of the movement, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was and is based on enforcing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination in the workplace. After electing Friedan as NOW's first president, the organization went on to hold pickets, protest, and march on subjects of equal workplace rights, sexual assault, power-dynamics, and women's reproductive health care options, among other things. NOW is still now active and is the largest organization of women's rights activists in the U.S. ([ObamaWhiteHouse.Archives.gov](https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2015/06/30/day-history-national-organization-women-was-founded)).

Answer 31

#289 Time: Alive 1924 through 2016 Who: Born in Missouri the daughter of a machinist/salesman and a teacher/librarian, Phyllis Schlafly attended a Catholic High School, graduated from Harvard, and later pursued (and obtained) a law degree. Schlafly was an advocator for the grassroots anticommunist cause and was head of a conservative political interest group. She cited her primary job as "mother," however, as she had six kids. So, when the Equal Rights Amendment was due to be renewed (and was very close to being so), she felt that legislations on equality and women's rights had already gone far enough and felt that the ERA would lend its way to support abortion, gay marriage, and other issues which she and her supporters deemed not part of their "family values." She and her followers aided in the end of the ERA. Even to her death, Schlafly was firmly anti-gay marriage, anti-feminist, anti-immigration, anti-arms control agreements, and anti-globalization ([WomensHistory.org](https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/phyllis-schlafly)).

Answer 32

#290 Time: First Proposed in 1923 but Almost Ratified in 1972 What: The Equal Rights Amendment was a law that stated full constitution equality for women. It strove (and strives) to eliminate legal distinction between men and women for matters such as employment, divorce, and property rights. While it was close to becoming a part of the Constitution, a influential grassroots campaign led by Phyllis Schlafly convinced enough state legislatures to not support it, to where it lost ratification by only three states. There are still advocates for the Equal Rights Amendment being passed today, and many states have already ratified it ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/women/era)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 33

#291 Time: Founded in 1968 What: The American Indian Movement (AIM)- a grassroots Indigenous rights movement established in Minnesota- was developed by Dennis Banks and Clyde Bellecourt (two Ojibwa men) in response to police brutality against Native Americans and the federal "Termination Policy" that made legal the assimilation of Native Americans into U.S. cities. AIM soon created the AIM Patrol, overseeing how Native Americans were treated by police and courts. Their protests such as the Trail of Broken Treaties helped prompt Congress to pass the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975. AIM split in 1993 into two locations and and is still active today ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/american-indian-movement-aim)).

Answer 34

#292 Time: 1969 What: After the police raided a gay club called Stonewall Inn (owned by the Mafia and illegally operating as they were without many basic restaurant facilities) in New York City and handled those within the bar to the point of harassment, the people in Greenwich Village were finally fed up with being mistreated and caused a full-blown riot, lasting over five days with sometimes thousands of people in attendance. The Stonewall Riots caused greater LGBTQ+ awareness, activism, and protest through verbal or violent manners and progressed the sexual revolution of the late 1960s ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/lgbtq/the-stonewall-riots)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 35

#293 Time: 1964 through 1971 What: In response to two U.S. ships being attacked in the Gulf fo Tonkin near North Vietnam and President Johnson sending out U.S. planes in retaliation, Johnson wanted federal support of this reaction and received it when Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution almost unanimously. The Resolution stated that the U.S. can combat against armed attack and prevent aggression by whatever means, and President Johnson and President Nixon both used this Resolution as support for their military policies in Vietnam. It turns out, though, that the attacks to the two U.S. ships were provoked by the U.S. (contrary to what Johnson had been told) and public disapproval for the Resolution was large. It was later repealed ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/tonkin-gulf-resolution)).

Answer 36

#294 Time: 1961 through 1974 What: Founded by Tom Hayden as a campus-based political organization, the SDS were advocates of the New Left, meaning "participatory democracy," a rejection of hierarchy and bureaucracy, and a support of civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar (to which they were highly prominent activists in the topics). The SDS organized marches, had members flee to Vietnam in protest of the war, and tried to put together an interracial stand. With some members of the party upset at the "slow pace" of the party, however, it dissolved in a battle between moderates and radicals. Even today, though, the SDS has a resounding impact for the Civil Rights movement and in bringing up moral issues ([DigitalHistory.UH.edu](https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3337)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 37

#295 Time: Most Prominent in the 1960s and 1970s What: A movement that consisted of social activists known as "hippies" that were against societal norms, commercialism, and violence (especially wars). A big representation of the culture would have been seen in Woodstock or in the band called Psychedelic Rock. They supported experimenting with Marijuana and LSD, bright colored-clothing oft bought from yard sales and thrift stores, and peace & love. They became an example of how the society was becoming more aware of individual personalities flourishing and norms being broken ([Digilab.Libs.UGA.edu](https://digilab.libs.uga.edu/exhibits/exhibits/show/civil-rights-digital-history-p/counterculture#:~:text=The%20counterculture%20movement%20largely%20was,of%20the%20anti%2Dwar%20movement.)).

Answer 38

#296 Time: 1968 What: The North Vietnamese Attack on the Lunar New Year (or "Tet" holiday) on cities in South Vietnam, especially those with heavy U.S. troops present. These attacks showed those in the U.S. that the North Vietnamese army was not as weak as previously thought and, even though the U.S. and South Vietnam eliminated almost all of the North Vietnamese forces and regained the lost territories, there were heavy casualties on both sides with both claiming victory. Thus, support for the Johnson Administration was weakened in America as the victory in Vietnam was not as decisive as it had been made seem and, even though Johnson banned bombing of North Vietnam above the 20th parallel and limited U.S. troops in South Vietnam, protests in the U.S. kept raging. Johnson declared he would not run for a second term and thus the decisions about the Vietnam War were left to Richard Nixon ([History.State.gov](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/tet)).

Answer 39

#297 Time: March, 1968 What: The murder of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians (a majority women and children) by American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley in the Vietnamese Village of My Lai. Calley supposedly received orders to "get rid" of the villagers of the town (who were brought out before the soldiers beforehand with none of them men of solider-age), though it seems as though Calley just did what was most convenient for him at the time, as he spared them no mercy in how they were killed. The killing ended when Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson- flying overhead- landed his helicopter between the soldiers and the civilians. The war crime brought upon fury towards the U.S. (a lot of that being from its own citizens), especially after the event was tried to be- and failed to be- covered up (what actually happened was revealed in November of the next year). The Vietnamese War lost support both in America and all around the world ([ArmyHistory.org](https://armyhistory.org/my-lai/)) (AmericanPageant).

Group 5 Flashcards

(63 cards)