Group 2 Flashcards

Question

American Anti-Slavery Society #88

Answer 1

#88 Time: 1833 through 1870 What: A group of sixty abolitionists leaders that strived to bring about the immediate emancipation of enslaved people. The society published pamphlets for children, issued broadsides, endorsed public lectures, and encouraged civil disobedience and boycotts of products of slave labor. Frederick Douglass joint the AASS in 1841 and oft, "made speeches on its behalf" (such as his speech, "What the Black Man Wants" that he delivered at a Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society meeting). The society dissolved five years after the 13th Amendment-abolishing slavery- was ratified. ([loc.gov](https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/join-in-voluntary-associations-in-america/about-this-exhibition/a-nation-of-joiners/changing-america/american-anti-slavery-society/)).

Answer 2

#89 Time: February 14, 1818 through 1895 Who: Known as, "the Father of the Civil Rights Movement in America", Frederick Douglass escaped slavery in Maryland and became one of the heads of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society where he gained fame and recognition from his speeches and writings about slavery and the experiences he had as former slave. He later left America to sell copies of his first autobiography called *The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass* and speak about slavery. He then returned home after abolitionists offered to buy his freedom, embraced the women's rights movement, helped in the Underground Railroad, supported anti-slavery political parties, ran his own newspaper, and published his second autobiography. As the Civil War in America was raging, Frederick Douglass did everything he could to fight for emancipation and equal treatment of Black people; he recruited Black men to fight in the U.S. army and spoke to President Lincoln about inequality. After the war and the three new Amendments to the Constitution, Douglass held many offices, some notable ones being president of the Freedman's Bank, U.S. Marshal for D.C., Recorder of Deeds for D.C., and Consul General to Haiti. He was also the first African American nominated for Vice President. In his later life, he published his third autobiography and continued speeches advocating for racial equality and women's rights ([nps.gov](https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/frederickdouglass.htm)).

Answer 3

#90 Time: 1797 through 1883 Who: Born into slavery and cruelly mistreated as a child, Sojourner Truth (then known as Isabella Baumfree) ran away (or, as she tells it, "walked away by daylight") from her master after he broke his promise to free her or uphold the New York Anti-Slavery Law of 1827. She then went through a religious conversion, and became an itinerant preacher, after which she changed her name to Sojourner Truth. She soon became involved in the expanding anti-slavery and women's rights movements, delivering her most famous speech (and one of the most famous speeches in regards to abolition and women's rights) during a Women's Rights Convention held in Akron, Ohio, the speech entitled "Ain't I a Woman?". During and after the Civil War she continued to advocate for the rights of African Americans and women ([nps.gov](https://www.nps.gov/articles/sojourner-truth.htm)).

Answer 4

#91 Time: 1832 through 1833 What: A battle between the South Carolina legislature and then-President Andrew Jackson in which S.C. had nullified a federal tariff that, "favored Northern manufacturing over Southern agriculture" and had threatened to succeed from the nation and use armed force should an the governemnt attempt collection of the taxes. John C. Calhoun- the Vice President of the time- was a S.C. native and supporter of states being allowed to nullify a federal law, and hoped that being able to would help keep S.C. a slavery state. This caused Jackson and Calhoun (who later resigned from the Vice Presidency to be a South Carolinian Senator) to be permanently divided. To end the feud between South Carolina and the government, Henry Clay and Calhoun, "drafted a reduced tariff agreement that pacified South Carolina while allowing the Federal government to stand firm." Then, President Jackson issued a proclamation to the persons of South Carolina, warning them of committing treason ([loc.gov](https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/january-13/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 5

#92 Time: 1838 through 1839 What: A forced march of native Indians (most notably the Cherokee, Choctaw, and the Creeks) that displaced at least 30,000 from their homes and killed at least 8,000 along the way. With southeastern Americans wanting the land that Native Americans possessed in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina, coupled with his own views on Native Americans, Andrew Jackson was eager to sign the Indian Removal Act, meaning the federal government could exchange Native-held land east of the Mississippi for land in the "Indian colonization zone" (present day Oklahoma). So, with threat of army invasion, tens of thousands were forced out of their land (they either left due to the threats or because they were physically forced to walk out bound). The American government, unwilling to cooperate with the Native Americans, granted a promise that was soon broken to the Native Americans that their new land would remain unmolested ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 6

#93 Time: 1832 What: The progressing conflict between two sides for and against the Bank of the United States, with Henry Clay, some of Congress/the Senate, and most wealthy landowners for renewing it and Andrew Jackson, people in the Appalachian West, and some middle/lower class people were against the bank existing. When Henry Clay proposed an early renewal of the bank in 1832, the bill was passed by Congress. President Jackson, however, vetoed the bill and later announced that the government would no longer be putting Federal funds into the bank (they would instead be put into state banks). When the Bank's charter expired, it was never renewed ([archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/text/page9_text.html)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 7

#94 Time: 1836 What: Many American settlers arriving in Texas (a Mexican territory at the time) caused there to be more Americans than resident Mexicans, and with a conflict between the two groups leading to the Fredonian Rebellion and threats to Americans in Texas underway, Texas' War for Independence from Mexico broke out. During this time, as well, Texans set up a provisional state government. In the battle of the Alamo, American troops were overwhelmed and Santa Anna's (the Mexican dictator) troops captured the area. During that time, however, Texas' new government, "formally declared its independence from Mexico". Six weeks after that battle, a Texan army led by Sam Houston surprised Santa Anna's army, shouting "Remember the Alamo!" and defeating the Mexicans, forcing the Santa Anna to have to realize Texas' independence and remove troops from the area. Texas later sought to be annexed by the U.S., but was not allowed to join the Union until 1845 ([history.com](https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/texas-declares-independence)).

Answer 8

#95 Time: 1837 through 1841 Party: Democratic Events: A Senator, Secretary of State, and Vice President to Jackson (during his second term), Van Buren was widely celebrated at his inauguration for the eighth presidency. The depression that soon struck America, however, put a damper on his Presidency and popularity. During his time as President, though, Van Buren, "devoted himself to maintaining the solvency of the national Government" and argued for an independent treasury system that would take care of government transactions. He also completely cut off expenditures on Federal aid to internal improvements in America and blocked the annexation of Texas by the U.S. ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/martin-van-buren/)).

Answer 9

#96 Time: 1841 Party: Whig Events: William Henry Harrison joined the First Infantry of the Regular Army suddenly in his career and spent much of his life in the Northwest. He served as an aid-de-camp in the Battle of Fallen Timbers and later became the Secretary of the Northwest territory and was its first delegate to Congress. He then served as the governor of the Indiana Territory, his goal to continue settlements of Americans in Indian lands, accomplishing this in the War of 1812. When the Whig Party nominated him to be the ninth President, he won and gave a passionate inauguration speech. He then caught pneumonia, however, and died thirty two days after he gained the presidency (the first President to die in office). With his death came the death of the Whig Party ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/william-henry-harrison/)).

Answer 10

#97 Time: 1844 What: With presumed inspiration from a conversation on a boat about a newly invented electromagnet, Samuel F. B. Morse, aided by his colleague Leonard D. Gale, the studies of Joseph Henry, and a young technician named Alfred Vail, created a far simpler telegraph than what had been seen before. It worked by using a plate with long and short metal bars that (in a certain combination) each represented a letter of the alphabet (in Morse Code). The operator would slide a pointer, "connecting to a battery and the sending wire across the bars", and then the message was sent. The receiver used an electromagnet with a stylus and paper tape to receive the message. With a grant from Congress and a quick but needed idea to string wire on poles and trees, a message was sent between the Capitol building and Baltimore, with the telegraph soon expanding all over America ([loc.gov](https://www.loc.gov/collections/samuel-morse-papers/articles-and-essays/invention-of-the-telegraph/)).

Answer 11

#98 Time: Early Nineteenth Century What: Another large-scale religious revival, this time with numerous grand "camp meetings" where many attended and were converted, a, "democratization of religion". Many different categories of religion held these meetings, with people like Charles G. Finney encouraging more informal language with God as well as encouraging music and song. The Second Great Awakening also emphasized an openness to all people, no matter their race or gender, which prompted many African Americans to form their own denominations and fight for more freedom ([pbs.org](https://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/journey_2/p_3.html)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 12

#99 Time: Early Nineteenth Century What: Via the Erie Canal and during the Second Great Awakening, many new religions swept over Northeastern and Midwestern New York, converting so many of the (mostly younger) people there to new faiths that it became known as the Burned Over District. Faiths discovered there include (but are not limited to) Baptism, Methodism, Mormonism, Spiritualism, and Evangelism ([NYHeritage.org](https://nyheritage.org/exhibits/two-hundred-years-erie-canal/burned-over-district)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 13

#100 Time: 1848 What: The first women's rights convention which inspired the women's suffrage movement, the meeting held in Seneca Falls, New York. The convention discussed women's social, civil, and religious rights, with the women voting on (and eventually passing all) 11 women's rights (based on their Declaration of Sentiments) that they would support. Organizers include Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Mary Mc'Clintok, Martha Coffin Wright, and Jane Hunt ([history.com](https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/seneca-falls-convention)).

Answer 14

#101 Time: Nineteenth Century What: A social system among many nineteenth century middle class women in which they had elevated roles in life, but only in their own homes and, "spheres of a woman". While restricting, it did allow for some women to still be active in current events and, "speak out on the major moral questions facing the nation". This system contrasted with what those a part of the Seneca Fall's Convention and those more liberalist towards women, as they believed that not only should a woman have (most of, if not all) the same rights as men in the home, but also in within the nation in general ([AmericaninClass.org](https://americainclass.org/the-cult-of-domesticity/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 15

#102 Time: Founded in 1830 What: Officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Mormon Church began with six members in New York. The founder of the Church, Joseph Smith, established a, "communal, oligarchic religious order" which has both similarities and distinct differences from what had been considered traditional Christianity during the time (one of those differences being the Mormon's usage of another sacred text called the Book of Mormon). Soon after their formation, they faced hostility from non-Mormon people around them, and had to travel through various locations westward, eventually settling, expanding, and thriving in the Utah desert ([pbs.org](https://www.pbs.org/mormons/faqs/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 16

#40 Time: Founded Around 1840, Abandoned in 1881. What: Called, "one of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century", the Oneida Community was- at its largest- a group of around 300 members that argued for- and incorporated into their community- "free love", birth control, and eugenics. The community, founded by John Humphrey Noyes and located in Oneida, New York, upheld (mostly) equal rights between men and women as well as practices like "Ascending Fellowship" and "Mutual Criticism". After Noyes passed the leadership of the community to his son, Dr. Theodore Noyes, the community crumbled from the inside and from pressure from the outside, the dissolution made official by a company called the, "Oneida Community, Limited". The people of Oneida- and groups like them- showcased the, "reformist spirit" of the time ([NYHistory.com](http://www.nyhistory.com/central/oneida.htm)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 17

#41 Time: Mid-nineteenth Century What: In America, a, "literary, philosophical, religious, and political movement" that centered around individualism and self-reliance. Influenced by English and Roman Romanticism and works of Herder and Schleiermacher and Hume, the movement focused on reaching a, "growing likeness to the Supreme being", but not becoming a Supreme being themselves. It also centered around each person possessing an, "inner light" to which they could speak directly with God. Transcendentalism was based upon a man named Ralph Waldo Emerson, his words becoming foundations for finding complete unity. Emerson and his friend Thoreau sought to find this unity being in nature, and wrote about their experiments and studies. The Transcendentalists were also engaged in several social experiments and were (for the most part) unsupportive of slavery ([Plato.Stanford.edu](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentalism/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 18

#105 Time: Around 1800 though 1860 (Pre-Civil War) What: The term Antebellum simply means "before the war" and refers to the Civil War (1861-1865). During this period, American commerce grew, American industry developed, tens of thousands of German and Irish Immigrants poured into the country, the nation was unified by the War of 1812 and then slowly torn apart in the prolonged debate over slavery and states' rights. The nationalist goals of Manifest Destiny would deepen the divisions between southern and northern expectations for the western territories.

Answer 19

#106 Time: Created in 1783 What: A machine created by inventor Eli Whitney that helped speed up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. The machine make the cultivating of cotton more profitable and caused for a renewal of sorts for the southern economy. The machine, however, gave southern planters a "justification" of sorts to keep the system of slavery in place, even as a growing number of people were supportive of abolition, causing the slavery in the South to grow in significance ([history.com](https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/cotton-gin-and-eli-whitney) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 20

#107 Time: Officially Approved in 1821 What: Solidifying Florida as part of the United States and establishing the border between the U.S. and Spanish territory, the Adams-Onís treaty was crucial in defining areas of land which were prior fought over. Spanish representative Don Luis de Onís traveled to Washington to meet with President James Monroe and Vice President John Quincy Adams and, after several months of negotiations, the treaty was signed. It stated that the U.S. would gain East and West Florida from Spain and that Texas was Spanish territory, among other borders with American States and in the ocean ([OKHistory.org](https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AD004)).

Answer 21

#108 Time: 1800s What: Established by Francis Cabot Lowell in his textile Mill in Waltham, Massachusetts, the Lowell System was, "characterized by centralization, mechanization, new types of worker organization, and extensive division of labor" and has been called the predecessor of the factory system. Expanding off of innovations found in the British textile industry, the Lowell System was vertically integrated (it took over companies that prior produced parts of its product and instead made them itself). The system helped to industrialize the production of American textiles and led other companies to mass produce other items ([Economic-Historian.com](https://economic-historian.com/2020/11/the-lowell-system/)).

Answer 22

#109 Time: Commonly Used in the 1800s What: A derogatory phrase on job advertisements and window signs used against people of Irish descent in Britain and America. As Irish people were devastated by the rotting potato crops in Ireland, hundreds of thousands of them fled to the United States, only for them receive cruel welcomings and unfair rights. The NINA signs led to several court cases and protests by Irish-Americans who fought to be treated as equals. In the 1850s, a song by Mrs. Phillips about the inequality for Irish people in Britain was written, gaining popularity and more acknowledgement for the injustices against them ([History.com](https://www.history.com/news/teen-debunks-professors-claim-that-anti-irish-signs-never-existed)) ([FolkSongandMusicHall.com](https://folksongandmusichall.com/index.php/no-irish-need-apply/)).

Answer 23

#110 Time: 1700s through the 1800s What: A point in history in which the manual-labor system of the U.S. transformed from scattered, small economies to, "a national commercial and industrial network" (with agriculture industries developing considerably in the South and West while textile companies saw a rise in the North). This point in time saw significant improvements to communication, transportation, and industry. Due to increased labor production, much more manufacturing could be done in the U.S. than prior, meaning there was less reliance on imports for material while wage labor also increased ([Brewminate.com](https://brewminate.com/the-american-market-revolution-1815-1840/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 24

#111 Time: Completed in 1825 What: Traversing 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo while linking Lake Erie to the Hudson rive, Erie Canal was one of America's largest public works project. The canal caused an economic boom in New York as people (and goods) could travel cheaper and faster along the route of the canal, with many people riding on to New York's seaport and traders and sellers finding new markets there (which aided in the profitability of farming increasing in the Old Northwest). The canal also prompted many communities to form along its route, giving it the name "The Mother of Cities". The canal also brought new ideas and cultures to the nation, imbuing the nation with more diversity in language, customs, and religions ([ErieCanalWay.org](https://eriecanalway.org/learn/history-culture)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 25

#112 Time: Announced in 1816 What: In a speech given by Henry Clay, he outlined a system consisting of three parts that would become one of the most effective government-enacted programs to, "harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry", as well as to stray away from the prior, "British System". The three parts, consisting of a tariff designed to protect and promote industries in America, a national bank designed to fuel commerce, and federal subsidies for "internal improvements" in America, these subsidies being gained by money from tariffs and sales of lands. After the system was proposed, Congress enacted programs to see it through and, after Jackson was elected into office, it became a main foundation for anti-Jacksonian persons ([Senate.gov](https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Speeches_ClayAmericanSystem.htm#:~:text=This%20%22System%22%20consisted%20of%20three,develop%20profitable%20markets%20for%20agriculture.)).

Answer 26

#113 Time: 1841 through 1845 Party: Whig Events: A member of the House of Representatives, Governor of Virginia, and Senator, John Tyler was a firm believer in following the Constitution strictly, and was a fan of southern sectionalism. He became Vice President under President William Henry Harrison and, after Harrison died, "Tyler too" was sprung into the tenth Presidency. During his time as President, he vetoed a bill to establish a National Bank with several state branches, another bill of that liking by Congress, and a (later) tariff bill. All of the Cabinet but one member resigned due to Tyler's opposition to the Whig Party's ideals, and he was tried in the House of Representatives to be impeached. Tyler did enact the "Log-Cabin" bill, as well as a tariff bill that shielded northern manufacturers. He also replaced the prior Whig Cabinet with southern conservatives. After his presidency, Tyler tried to create a compromise for the states that had succeeded from the Union and then, with that not working, a Southern Confederacy. He was a member of the Confederate House of Representatives when he died ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-tyler/)).

Answer 27

#114 Time: 1845 through 1849 Party: Democratic Events: A member and speaker of the House of Representatives, James K. Polk sought to win the people's (and Democrats') favor for Presidency by stating his desire to re-annex Texas, re-occupy Oklahoma, and acquire California. During his term as the eleventh President, he peacefully compromised with the British to extend the Canadian boundary but, when trying to obtain California and New Mexico, he sent troops out to the area of dispute, this signaling aggression to Mexico and Congress declared war. Even though the land was eventually acquired during his presidency, the land only prompted more dispute between the North and South about slavery ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-k-polk/).

Answer 28

#115 Time: 1846 What: An amendment that sought to keep the territory acquired from the Mexican-American war completely void of slavery or involuntary servitude, proposed by the Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot. The amendment was proposed as a sort of retaliation for the treatment of Martin Van Buren, as well as believed unfair treatment of the northerners from Northern democrats and the desire for the new territory, "to be exclusively reserved for whites for political and economic reasons." Although the amendment passed in the House, it was note voted upon in the Senate and was not fully established. It did, though, create more tension between the North and South about the issue of slavery ([Battlefields.org](https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/wilmot-proviso)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 29

#116 Time: 1846 through 1848 What: As President Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to an area of dispute and Mexican soldiers attacked believing the American soldiers were advancing upon them and two more battles were fought, the U.S. Congress officially declared war (though Mexico never did). Mexico convinced the President Polk to release a general in exile named Antonio López de Santa Anna, saying that he would end the war, when- in actuality- he betrayed Polk and led the Mexican army in several battles when he was released. American troops resisted, however, and made it to Mexico City, laying siege to Chapultepec Castle. The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the treaty stating the the Rio Grande was the new Mexican-American border. Mexico also acknowledged the U.S. annexation of Texas and agreed to sell all of its territory North of the Rio Grande for $15 million (plus assumption of certain damages). While the war did bring approximately 525,000 square miles of land to the U.S., the big issue being whether or not slavery would be allowed in the new land ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/mexican-american-war)).

Answer 30

#117 Time: 1846 What: Written by Illinois Congressman Abraham Lincoln, congressional resolutions that opposed the war, questioning the actual motive for Polk's decision to declare it. Prior to the skirmish between Zachary Taylor and the Mexican troops, a plan for a war declaration with Mexico had been discussed because Mexico would not pay their debts to U.S. citizens nor meet with John L. Slidell. After that first battle, though, President Polk declared that retaliation was necessary as Mexico crossed over the border and shed, "American blood upon America's soil." This, however, was refuted by Lincoln in his "Spot Resolutions" as he questioned whether or not the battle had actually been on American territory, and claiming that Polk incited the war under false terms only so that American could gain more territory and extend slavery. Others backed Lincoln up in his accusation ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/lincoln-resolutions)).

Answer 31

#118 Time: 1849 through 1850 Party: Whig Events: A general and war hero in the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War, Zachary Taylor was known for his defense against India and his Nationalist personality. Although he had 100 slaves, he, "did not defend slavery or southern sectionalism" as (the twelfth) President and when determining whether or not Texas and California should be allowed as slave states, Taylor enabled the residents of the states to draft their own constitutions, infuriating southerners. When southern leaders threatened succession, Taylor held strong and threatened armed forces against the states. After a few ceremonies in July of 1850, however, Taylor grew ill and died shortly after ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/zachary-taylor/)).

Answer 32

#119 Time: 1848 What: In the negotiations of the end of the Mexican-American war, Mexico needed to the U.S. what Lincoln thought Polk wanted all along- territory. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, it specified that Mexico would ceed fifty five percent of its territory, parts (if not all) states now known as California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado, in addition to relinquishing all ownership claims of Texas. The treaty also ensured the Rio Grande would be seen as the Mexican/U.S. boundary. In exchange (and to end the war), the U.S. paid Mexico $15,000,000 and paid various American citizen debts ([archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/guadalupe-hidalgo)).

Answer 33

#120 Time: Beginning in 1849 What: After gold was reported to have been discovered by a man named James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Northern California in 1848, the news disseminated around the word and by the end of the year thousands of miners had traveled to the state. As gold was both plentiful and easily extracted, people left their jobs and communities to try and gain a chip of the wealth. With the new influx and inhabitancies of migrants, Californians were motivated to apply for statehood in 1849 ([Parks.CA.gov](https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1081)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 34

#121 Time: 1850 What: A series of bills proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglass (inspired by those of Senator Henry Clay) that were discussed for seven months in Congress before being accepted. The Compromise included establishing a boundary between Texas and the U.S. and a territorial government/popular sovereignty for Utah and New Mexico, allowing California into the U.S. as a free state, an end to the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington, D.C., and amending the fugitive slave act. The modifications to the fugitive slave act angered northerners especially, and all of the bills created even more of a divide between North and South about slavery than seen prior ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/compromise-of-1850)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 35

#122 Time: 1850 What: While prior established in the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 that fugitive slaves would be ruled upon by any judge or, "magistrate of a county, city, or town corporate" for the punishment for running away and that anyone who helped a freedom seeker would receive a $500 penalty and a year in prison at most, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 had harsher punishments and more restrictions. Passed by President Millard Fillmore as part of the Compromise of 1850, the new law made it so that fugitive slaves must be returned to their masters with jurisdictions on the matter done by biased federal commissioners, made mandatory the use of federal marshals and state and local authorities to catch a fugitive slave, and created different punishments for those that would aid a freedom seeker. The law made stronger the antislavery movement in the North and added more fuel to the fire that was the impending Civil War ([NPS.gov](https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/fugitive-slave-laws-boston.htm)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 36

#123 Time: 1850 thorough 1853 Party: Whig Events: Millard Fillmore was a member of the House of Representatives and Vice President under Zachary Taylor, becoming President after Taylor's unexpected death shortly into his term. As President, Fillmore showed his alliance with the Whig party by his appointment of Daniel Webster to Secretary of State, supported the Compromise of 1850, and advised that Texas be convinced to join regions with New Mexico (this causing northern Whigs to reconsider the Wilmont Proviso). Fillmore's support of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, however, caused many northern Whigs to resent him, costing him reelection when he ran again under the Know Nothing/American Party (as the Whig party had collapsed) ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/millard-fillmore/)).

Answer 37

#124 Time: 1853 through 1857 Party: Democratic Events: A speaker of the New Hampshire legislature, Representative in the House of Representatives, and U.S. Senator, Pierce was the Democratic party's representative under terms of unwavering support of the Compromise of 1850 and not agitating the argument over slavery. As Pierce went into the office, a time of uneasy tranquility had swept the nation due to the Compromise, but it was tension-filled. During his fourteenth Presidency, he, "pressured Great Britain to relinquish its special interests along part of the Central American coast", tried to negotiate with Spain to sell Cuba, oversaw the Kansas-Nebraska act, and caused "bleeding Kansas" as he tried to reorganize the West for a railroad route, these four actions in particular caused the arguments over slavery to resurge even stronger than before. These events and ones like it were precursers to the Civil War ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/franklin-pierce/)).

Answer 38

#125 Time: Published in 1852 What: A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that profoundly encapsulated the horrors of slavery. It showed slaves as being just like anyone else- people- and how they are treated cruelly by slave owners and the systems put in place around the whole country. The book was a bestseller in the 1800s while it increased the support among Northerns for abolition and, "escalated the sectional conflict". It also influenced the political notability of the antislavery Republican Party and helped Abraham Lincoln win the Presidency later on ([Salve.edu](https://salve.edu/document/uncle-toms-cabin)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 39

#126 Time: 1853 through 1854 What: The acquirement of approximately 30,000 square miles of Mexico (land that makes up modern Arizona and New Mexico) under the Pierce presidency for $10,000,000 with the intention of connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by way of a southern transcontinental railroad. The purchase also helped to ease tensions involving compensation for Native American attacks on Mexico, in addition to establishing a firm southern border for the United States ([History.State.gov](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/gadsden-purchase)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 40

#127 Time: 1854 What: A bill proposed by a Senator and supporter of the new railroads named Stephen Douglass, it outlined that the newly acquired Kansas and Nebraska a territories would be able to use popular sovereignty to determine whether or not to be a slave state, and that the boundary proposed the Missouri Compromise would be null. The conflict over the territory- seemingly about the railroads- was all a part of the underlying tension throughout the U.S. about slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in the Senate by 37-14. In addition to causing loads of turmoil among Senators, the act created a huge wave of conflict all throughout America, leading to "bloody Kansas", masses of disputes, and, eventually, the Civil War ([Senate.gov](https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Kansas_Nebraska_Act.htm#:~:text=It%20became%20law%20on%20May,territories%20to%20sway%20the%20vote.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 41

#128 Time: 1856 through 1861 What: Exemplifying the bloodshed that was to come in the Civil War, "bleeding Kansas" occurred during a time when- after Congress announced popular sovereignty for Kansas- people pro-slavery, Free-Staters, and abolitionists flocked to the area to try and influence the vote over whether or not Kansas would allow slavery. During the time, "murder, mayhem, destruction and psychological warfare became a code of conduct in Eastern Kansas and Western Missouri," with events such as the massacre at Pottawatomie Creek and, especially, the divide in the town of Fort Scott. The Civil War in Kansas was fought intermittently over the years until it was finally incorporated within the national Civil War that had just recently officially begun ([NPS.gov](https://www.nps.gov/articles/bleeding-kansas.htm)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 42

#129 Time: 1857 through 1961 Party: Democrat Events: A member of the House of Representatives (five times), Minister to Russia, U.S. Senator, Secretary of State, and Minister to Great Britain, James Buchanan, away for service abroad for awhile, was unaware of the sectional divides formed within America about slavery, and saw the matter as finding a quick happy medium. Buchanan then tried to name Kansas as a slave state, excluding Republicans and members of his own party (Kansas still remaining a territory, though). Then, the Democratic Party split into the southern and northern factions, and President Buchanan strove to again find a compromise with Southern states who were trying to secede from the nation. When this didn't work, he appointed Northerners in place of resigned southern cabinet members and sent troops to Fort Sumter to stop the secession. He then turned to a, "policy of inactivity" until he left office ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-buchanan/)).

Answer 43

#130 Time: 1857 What: Beginning as what would seem to be a small-scale lawsuit between two private parties, the *Dred Scott v. Sandford* case turned into a federal case and national debate that spanned eleven years, and was, "one of the most notorious decisions ever issued by the United States". Dred Scott and his wife, Harriet Scott, sued for both of their freedoms in the St. Louis Circuit Courts, their basis on the fact that they lived in a free territory where slavery was prohibited. Other cases similar in the past had ruled in the formerly enslaved person's favor. Scott lost his case, however, and eventually filed a federal suit. In the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the other members ruled that Scott was, again, guilty, on the grounds that enslaved people were not Citizens of the United States and could not hope for any protection from the federal government or the courts. This gave federal protection to slavery. They also stated that Congress, "had no authority to ban slavery from a federal territory." The* Dred Scott v. Sandford *case was later overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments, but was quite an influential factor in spurring the Civil War ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/dred-scott-v-sandford)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 44

#131 Time: 1858 What: When Abraham Lincoln rebutted Senator Stephen Douglass' stance on how Popular Sovereignty would be the best option for newly forming states by claiming the Dred Scott Decision of 1857 made it null, Senator Douglass argued back what would later become known as the Freeport Doctrine: that, as he put it, slavery was only able to be supported by, "the legal and practical protections he called, 'local police regulations,'" and not the Supreme Court (because, "slavery could not exist without laws to protect it"). He also argued that, if the protections were not given, the citizens in a territory could make decisions about the legality of slavery ther and claimed that the Dred Scott Decision was a, "abstract" matter. This doctrine effectively cost the presidential campaign and aided in the division of the Democratic party into Northern and Southern Factions ([Minio.LA.Utexas.edu](https://minio.la.utexas.edu/webeditor-files/coretexts/pdf/1858douglasfreeport_discussion.pdf)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 45

#132 Time: 1859 What: An abolishonist named John Brown led a group of his supporters to the town of Harper's Ferry, Virginia, captured prominent figures, and seized the federal armory and arsenal, hoping the local slave population would join in the rebellion and help to distribute arms throughout the country. No backup for Brown came, however, and he and his group was captured first by the local militia and then the U.S. Marines (under Robert E. Lee). Brown was charged with treason against Virginia, murder, and slave insurrection, being sentenced to death and hung. The raid, however, struck fear into Southerners, as they believed the Northerners, "shared in Brown's extremism," and that more uprisings could occur. This further set the stage for Civil War ([Battlefields.org](https://www.battlefields.org/learn/topics/john-browns-harpers-ferry-raid#:~:text=On%20the%20evening%20of%20October,the%20federal%20armory%20and%20arsenal.)) (AmericanPageant).

Group 2 Flashcards

(69 cards)