Group 3 Flashcards

Question

*President James Garfield #157*

Answer 1

#157 Time: 1880 to 1881 Party: Republican Who: A college professor, Republican representative in the Ohio Senate, supporter of a reunited United States during secession, a major general in the Civil War, the leading Republican in the House of Representative (while serving 18 years), and a "dark horse" nominee for the Republicans, James A. Garfield won the presidency by a small margin. As the, "last of the log cabin Presidents", he, the twentieth President, remained just in his elections for official positions and had a confirmed victory when the Senate approved one of his electing decisions. However, in a railroad station in 1881, an attorney who had wanted and been denied a consular post shot Garfield and he died a few months later from infection and internal hemorrhage ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-garfield/)).

Answer 2

#158 Time: 1881 through 1885 Party: Republican Who: A lawyer, Quartermaster General of the State of New York in the Civil War, Collector of the Port of New York, skewed in his operating for his party (rather than the government), and supporter of Conkling against President Garfield, Chester A. Arthur became the twenty-first President, succeeding Garfield after he was assassinated. As President, he turned on his old political friends and became, "a champion of civil service reform." Arther also tried to lower tariff rates and signed the Tariff Act of 1883, becoming a major issue between the Republican and Democratic parties. During his term, the first general Federal immigration law was enforced (excluding immigration from China). He did not win re-election (but was respected by the public) and died in 1886 from a known chronic kidney disease ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/chester-a-arthur/)).

Answer 3

#159 Time: 1885 through 1889 AND 1893 through 1897 Party: Democratic Who: A lawyer from Upstate New York, he became involved in political proceedings only three years before his first presidency. He was elected Mayor of Buffalo and then Governor of New York, and was elected with the support of Democrats and reform Republicans, those latter not in favor of the Republican candidate. He was the first Democratic president elected after the Civil War. As the twenty-second president, he rejected support for any economic group and vetoed bills providing pension to Civil War Veterans (whose claims were not oft valid). He also signed the Interstate Commerce Act (regulating railroads) and tried to reduce high protective services. Although he lost the twenty-third Presidency, he won the twenty-fourth Presidency and faced a major depression. He decided to deal with the Treasury crisis rather than with more economic matters and eventually help to sustain the Treasury's gold reserve. He cruelly treated railroad strikers and generally had harsh policies, causing his party to abandon him after his second presidency. He retired in New Jersey and died in 1908 ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/grover-cleveland/)).

Answer 4

#160 Time: 1889 through 1893 Party: Republican Who: A lawyer and Colonel of the 70th Volunteer Infantry after the Civil War, he served in the United States Senate where he, "championed Indians. homesteaders, and Civil War Veterans." With much support from his party (although he himself made no political bargains), Benjamin Harrison won the twenty-third presidency. During his presidency, he established much foreign policy, signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, and dealt with the overarching tariff problem by writing in reciprocity provisions. The prosperity in the country soon evaporated, however, and he lost out the election to Cleveland (even though his party did re-nominate him). He returned to Indianapolis and died eight years later in 1901 ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/benjamin-harrison/)).

Answer 5

#161 Time: 1897 through 1901 Party: Republican Who: A brevet major of volunteers after the Civil War, lawyer, member of the House of Representatives for 14 years, the leading Republican tariff expert, and then governor of Ohio, William McKinley was focused on interests of the public and not private affairs. During his twenty-fifth presidency, he enacted the highest tariff in history and was majorly focused on foreign policy. Forced by public pressure, he delivered the message of neutral intervention in the Spanish and Cuban War, while Congress declared the declaration of War for the freedom and independence of Cuba. McKinley was open to the public opinion and acted upon it, the United States annexing the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. After winning his second term, he was shot while standing at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition by an anarchist and died eight days later ([WhiteHouse.gov](https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/william-mckinley/)).

Answer 6

#162 Time: Booker T. Washington alive 1856 through 1915 and the Atlanta Compromise Speech given on September 18th, 1895 Who/What: Booker T. Washington was an African American educator and leader and advocate for a fair treatment of Black people. In his Atlanta Compromise speech- one of the, "most significant speeches in American history"- he appealed to white Southerners by saying he would motivate Black people to become, "proficient in agriculture, mechanics, commerce, and domestic service" while motivating them to uphold common labor. He spoke that advantages for Black people would come from constant struggle instead of oppression. He also said that Black people were not desiring social integration, but a commonplace in the foundation of rights and progress and urged white people to provide Black people with opportunities for economic advancement. While his speech was widely disseminated and he was praised heavily for it (making him, "the most influential Black leader and educator in the United States between 1895 and 1915"), he was also heavily criticized (a notable critic W. E. B. Du Bois) for his advocating for racial subordination ([GeorgiaEncyclopedia.org](https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/atlanta-compromise-speech/)).

Answer 7

#163 Time and Place: 1896 in the Supreme Court What: A case that upheld the legality of the segregation laws by saying that "separate but equal" did not go against the fourteenth amendment. As a man named Homer Plessy got on a whites-only section of a intrastate railroad car and argued in court with his "Citizens' Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law" backing him that "separate but equal" accommodations were unconstitutional. Plessy lost in the New Orleans court system, appealed to the Supreme Court, and was once more ruled against (almost unanimously, the exception being John Marshall Harlan) in the Supreme Court. The "separate but equal" system upheld the Jim Crow System until the 1950s ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/plessy-v-ferguson)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 8

#164 Time: 1862 What: A federal law stating that any adult U.S. citizen or to-be U.S. citizen that had never taken up arms against the U.S. government could buy 160 acres of surveyed government land from the government for around $30, so long as the adult remained settled on it for at least five years and did something to improve it (such as building a house upon it). The act vastly helped to increase Westward expansion and gave some families the opportunity to start a new life, but ended up mostly benefitting speculators, railroads, and cattle owners as only about 80 million acres of the 500 million acres went to homesteaders. Some land was also infertile, to the disappointment of the homesteaders ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/homestead-act#:~:text=The%20Homestead%20Act%2C%20enacted%20during,plot%20by%20cultivating%20the%20land.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 9

#165 Time: 1862 What: By the usage of land grants and government bonds, the Pacific Railway Act aided in the funding of the United Pacific transcontinental railroad. As many private companies were wary of completing the task without Federal aid, Congress passed the act that granted that the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific could build a railroad along the 32nd parallel. The railroad was completed in 1869, shortening travel across the country from a months to around a week. However, though, the railroad impeded on much American Indian land, furthering the possession of Native territory ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/pacific-railway-act#:~:text=In%201862%2C%20Congress%20passed%20the,for%20rights%2Dof%2Dway.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 10

#166 Time: The late 1860s and early 1870s Where: Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois What: A set of laws that regulated the fees that grain elevator companies and railroads placed on the transportation of farmers crops. The movement being started by the farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley, the increase in the railroad industry and its power was becoming a notable problem for many farmers. The laws were quickly repealed, through, but do represent, "the first attempts at regulating a private monopoly." The laws prompted several later Supreme Court cases (such as *Munn v. Illinois* and *Wabash v. Illinois*) ([CS.Stanford.edu](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/corporate-monopolies/dangers_grangers.html)) ([ThoughtCo.com](https://www.thoughtco.com/the-grange-4135940)).

Answer 11

#167 Time: 1877 What: An act allowing the federal government to divide up Indian reservations for use of individual settlements and government funding. Passed under President Grover Cleveland, the act was aimed at assimilating Native Americans into U.S. society and "civiliz(ing)" them by forcing them to focus on agriculture and farming, rewarding those that accepted the act with U.S. citizenship. Those that didn't however, couldn't become U.S. citizens and didn't get to keep their tribal land. The tribal land- over 90 million acres- was sold to non-native U.S. citizens with the profits going to the U.S. government. The Native Americans who did accept the act were not accustomed to the new life, were being given (oft infertile) land at a small portion of the size they had before ([Nps.org](https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/dawes-act.htm#:~:text=The%20Dawes%20Act%20(sometimes%20called,to%20break%20up%20tribal%20lands.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 12

#168 Time: 1890 Where: Dakota (northern Plains) What: A battle in which the U.S. Army fought the Dakota Sioux for the Sioux practicing the "Ghost Dance" (which the U.S. government had outlawed) and over the argument of whether or not Sioux land would be divided up for reservations under the Dawes Severalty Act. After a band of Lakota were imprisoned near Wounded Knee Creek by U.S. soldiers after a firmer suppression of the Ghost Dance had been enforced, a gun discharged from the tribe caused the U.S. military to open fire, with twenty-nine U.S. soldiers and two hundred Native Americans dying. The massacre became and is a place for remembrance for the Native Americans ([Loc.gov](https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/native-american/disaster-at-wounded-knee/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 13

#169 Time: 1823 through 1878 Where: New York Who: A corrupt politician in New York, William "Boss" Tweed rose to power by ascending through various local offices and making political connections. He crafted a deal in which some family men and not solely the rich were exempt from the draft in New York City, forcing the Federal Government to accept his plan. With this fame, and by paying the state legislature of New York hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes, he had the New York legislature grant power in New York to local officials rather than those in the state capital. While in power, his "Tweed Ring" was making millions from the bribes and favors he compiled, as well as from money he exploited from "city advancements". This corruption of government created a unhealthy civil society, but Boss Tweed did inevitably help the immigrants and the poor in New York. He was later convicted and sentenced to prison ([BillofRightsInstitute.org](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/william-boss-tweed-and-political-machines)).

Answer 14

#170 Time: Popularized in the late nineteenth century What: A set of ideologies that centered around, "survival of the fittest", saying that the wealthy and highly ranked were there because they should be and as they, "won a natural competition" and that they owe nothing to those of lesser social status or the poor. It was based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, a theory that was focused on biological diversity in animals in plants, and has been used between the late nineteenth century and today to buttress imperialism, racism, eugenics, and social inequality. During the time of its height, it popularly justified U.S. imperial ventures, such as the Spanish-American War ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/social-darwinism)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 15

#171 Time: The Bessemer Process invented in 1855 and Carnegie Steel founded in 1892 Where: Carnegie Steel was in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania What: Andrew Carnegie, seeing the need for iron products during the Civil War, switched from railroads and telegraphs to the ironworking industry, founding the Keystone Bridge Works. He used his recent railroad connections as places to sell his steel, but still wanted to spend less and become more efficient in making steel. So, he utilized the Bessemer process at his Homestead steel works plant, a process invented by Henry Bessemer that blew air through the iron to oxidate it and purify it. By 1889, Andrew Carnegie became the leading producer of steel and one of the wealthiest men in America (as the steel business picked up quite a bit). Carnegie Steel officially merged into the United States Steel Company and Andrew Carnegie went on to explore other ventures, giving away about 90% of his fortune to the public good ([Blogs.Loc.gov](https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2012/12/andrew-carnegie-man-of-steel/)) ([SteelMuseum.org](https://www.steelmuseum.org/railroad_exhibit_2015/process_bessemer.cfm)).

Answer 16

#172 Time: Finished in 1869 What: With Asa Whitney of New York fiercely arguing for the creation of a connecting railroad, the discovery of gold, frontier settlement increasing, successful railroads in the East, and the need for a better postal service in the West, the Southern Pacific Railroad was built along the 32nd parallel (the least expensive route to build the railroad). Inspired by this and after Theodore D. Judah incorporated the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California in their plans for a railroad and Abraham Lincoln saw the benefits of it (militarily wise and though the bonding of the Pacific Coast to the Union), the Union Pacific Railroad was built and connected to the Central Pacific Railroad, creating the Transcontinental Railroad ([Loc.gov](https://www.loc.gov/collections/railroad-maps-1828-to-1900/articles-and-essays/history-of-railroads-and-maps/the-transcontinental-railroad/)).

Answer 17

#173 Time: 1893 What: Spoken by historian Frederick Jackson Turner at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition, the thesis outlined that once American expansion into the western frontier was ended, Americans, "will continually demand a wider field for its exercise." This thesis proved to ring true in later years as Turner's calling for a new frontier abroad clings to the U.S. tried expansion into Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam ([Pbs.org](hhttps://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl2.html)).

Answer 18

#174 Time: Standard Oil: 1870 to 1911 and Rockefeller alive from 1839 to 1937 Where: Companny founded in Ohio Who/What: John D. Rockefeller along with his brother William Rockefeller and Samuel Andrews, Henry M. Flagler, and Stephen V. Harkness founded the Standard Oil Company of Ohio which centered upon oil refining, cost-saving, and waste-reduction. Standard Oil searched for markets for refinery by-products and- by Rockefeller's guide- found ways to purify oil. The Standard Oil Trust created many Standard Oil companies across the country and, by the 1870s, controlled 95% of American refineries. It was one of the first multinational corporations and became a symbol of the trusts and monopolies found in the Gilded Age. While the Supreme Court found the company in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act and split the company into 34 separate companies, Rockefeller's wealth did not decrease and he has been known as the world's first billionaire. ([Guides.Loc.gov](https://guides.loc.gov/this-month-in-business-history/january/standard-oil-established)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 19

#175 Time: 1890 What: Known as, "one of the first congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good", the Sherman Antitrust Act was a the first federal statute that outlawed monopolistic businesses. As trusts (where many stockholders combine their shares to one set of trustees) were dominating many big businesses and state courts generally sided with the trusts, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed almost unanimously in the Senate and unanimously in the House to help the public good. It was revised in 1914 ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/sherman-anti-trust-act)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 20

#176 Time: Corporation: 1901 through Present and J.P. Morgan alive from 1837 to 1913 Where: Founded in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania What/Who: J.P. Morgan, known as America's most powerful banker of the time, merged the Carnegie Steel Corporation with nine other steel business to create the U.S. Steel Corporation, creating the largest corporation in the world. The corporation was capitalized at $1.4 billion. J.P. Morgan, born rich as the son of J.S. Morgan, was heavily interested in business growing up and formed the J.P. Morgan and Company. He, listening to Charles Schwab, merged the ten steel companies and the U.S. Steel Company remains prominent today. While Morgan did help stabilize American financial markets, he was heavily interested in his art collection and died in 1913 ([BillofRightsInstitute.org](https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/andrew-carnegie-and-the-creation-of-us-steel)) ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/john-pierpont-morgan)).

Answer 21

#177 Time: 1882 What: Known as, "the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history", the Chinese Exclusion Act ceased most immigration from China into the U.S.. Lasting until essentially 1968 (adapted, but still generally enforced), this act was made under the idea that the entry of the Chinese, "endangered the good order of certain localities" ([Archives.gov](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act#:~:text=It%20was%20the%20first%20significant,immigrating%20to%20the%20United%20States.)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 22

#178 Time and Place: 1898 in the Supreme Court What: A case that debated the phrase of, "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" in the Fourteenth Amendment. After a man named Wong Kim Ark, born in San Francisco to parents who were Chinese citizens, left the country to visit his parents and then was denied re-entry as it was claimed he was not a U.S. citizen, the case was taken to the Supreme Court. The court ruled 6-to-2 in Wong Kim Ark's favor saying that-because he was born in the U.S. and his parents were not directly working for the Chinese government- the Fourteenth Amendment instantly made him a citizen ([ConstitutionCenter.org](https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/supreme-court-case-library/united-states-v-wong-kim-ark-1898)).

Answer 23

#179 Time: What: Centered around the wants of workers, the AFL strove to negotiate with employers for a, "better kind of capitalism" that involved improved wages, hours, and conditions for workers. Starting out as a grouping of smaller craft unions proposed by Samuel Gompers, it grew into a federation of over 500,000 people by 1900, all of them skilled workers (and, up until the mid 1900s, most every member was a white male). Gompers led the corporation every year (except one) for four decades until his death, and the AFL is still around today ([USHistory.org](https://www.ushistory.org/us/37d.asp)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 24

#180 Time: 1886 Where: Chicago, Illinois What: Starting as an industrial workers rally in Haymarket Square to protest the Chicago police killing several laborers the day prior and taking a sharp turn when one of the protesters threw a bomb at the police, and seven police officers and at least one civilian died. In the conviction for the event, eight men who were labeled as anarchists were convicted in a trial where the jury was thought to be biased and there was no solid evidence against the eight. Four of them were hanged, one committed suicide, and eventually the three others were pardoned. The event in Haymarket square led to widespread xenophobia, whereas the aftermath caused a mix of anti-labor sentiment and feelings of a wrongful conviction of the eight ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/haymarket-riot)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 25

#181 Time: 1892 Where: A Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania What: One of the deadliest labor-management conflicts in the history of the U.S., the Homestead Strike was an armed battle between labor workers in the Carnegie steel plant in Homestead against Pinkerton detectives (hired by Carnegie). Carnegie's support of Henry Clay Frick's proposal to cut worker's wages in Homestead pitted him against the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (some of them and the other working at the Homestead factory being locked out after denying the cut in pay). The conflict involved federal troops and ended up killing 10 and wounding 60, with the workers initially winning but receiving so much public backlash for their brutal treatment of the Pinkertons that Carnegie was able to cut wages and increase the work day (the Pinkertons were criticized too, however). The strike took place in the nationwide movement for labor rights and helped gain support for the Populists ([History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/homestead-strike)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 26

#182 Time: Around 1892 What: Known officially as the "People's Party", the Populist Party was founded in a convention in 1892 under the goals laid out in the Omaha Platform, a preamble written by Ignatius Donnelly that proposed a graduated income tax, a secret ballot, the direct election of Senators, the eight-hour work day, and, most notably, the, "unlimited coinage of silver." The Party represented Western and Southern farmers who thought that Eastern businessmen and big corporations were getting the priority by the U.S. economic policy. Several of their principals were enacted in the later New Deal Eras. The party emerged in the early 1890s and is, in some ways, still around today ([ConstiututionCenter.org](https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/populist-party-platform-july-4-1892-in-a-populist-reader-selections-from-the-works-of-american-populist-leaders-9096)) ([HistoryMatters.Gmu.edu](https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5361/)) (AmericanPageant).

Answer 27

#183 Time: Speech: July 9th, 1896 and William Jennings Bryan: 1860 through 1925 Where: The Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois What/Who: Jenning Bryan, a former Congressman from Nebraska who aspired to become the Democratic nominee for the Presidency, had been building support for himself in the prior years. At the Democratic Convention, he used a dramatic speaking style and rhetoric as he advocated for the ratio of silver to gold to be 16 to 1 (this would have increased the amount of money in circulation and helped many farmers). In his speech, he advocated that people would not be, "crucified on a cross of gold," and the overall support he received that night led him to be nominated for the Democrats. His fierce speech and party's unrest foreshadows future divisions over the government's positioning on economic policy ([MillerCenter.org](https://millercenter.org/bryans-cross-gold-and-partisan-battle-over-economic-policy)) ([HistoryMatters.gmu.edu](https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5354/)).

Group 3 Flashcards

(51 cards)