Group 4: INFLUENZA

Question 1

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), _______ commonly called “Flu”, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs.

Answer 1

Influenza

Question 2

__________ viruses are only known to cause flu disease specifically during the flu pandemic. This only occurs when a new and different influenza A virus emerges, and they can spread rapidly among people. It is further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), the proteins on the surface of the virus.

Answer 2

Influenza A

Question 3

The ________ viruses are known to infect only humans and seals. It mutates at a rate 2 to 3 times slower than type A.

Answer 3

Influenza B

Question 4

The _______ virus is known to infect humans and pigs. Flue due to the type C virus is rare compared with type A or B, yet it can be severe and can cause local epidemics.

Answer 4

Influenza C

Question 5

The _________ viruses primarily infect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.

Answer 5

Influenza D

Question 6

Young children under ____ are most likely to get sick from the flu rather than people __ and older who are least likely to get sick from the flu.

Answer 6

age 2, 65

Question 7

The Influenza Pandemic started from ________ wherein it came in three waves, first is in spring season in _____, second which is the deadliest wave in late summer and fall and third is weakened in early ____.

Answer 7

1918 to 1919

The Influenza Pandemic started from 1918 to 1919 wherein it came in three waves, first is in spring season in 1918, second which is the deadliest wave in late summer and fall and third is weakened in early 1919.

Question 8

The estimated number of people that became ill based on U.S studies is five million people and hundred thousand of people died that reduces the life expectancy of Americans. Moreover, the seasonal incidence of flu changes based on the severity of flu season and varies from the proportion of people who get sick from the flu. The study published by Clinical Infectious Disease found that between 3% and 11% of the U.S. population gets infected and develops flu symptoms each year.

Answer 8

basa na lang hehe

Question 9

Most cases of Influenza viruses tend to occur between October and May of the following
year. This can cause mild to severe illness and sometimes lead to death therefore the best way to prevent acquiring the flu is by getting a flu vaccine every year. WHO stated that the influenza vaccine among healthy adults provides protection even when circulating viruses do not precisely match the vaccine viruses. Although the annual vaccine isn’t 100% as stated by a CDC study, it is still important especially for people at high risk of influenza complications to reduce the chances of having severe complications from the infection.

Answer 9

basa na lang (Intro)

Question 10

Also known as “Infectious”, it is defined as (of a disease) easily transmitted or is spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact.

Answer 10

Contagious

Question 11

A feeling of constant tiredness or weakness and can be physical, mental or a combination of both.

Answer 11

Fatigue

Question 12

A feeling of uneasiness in the stomach that often accompanies the urge to vomit but does not always lead to vomiting.

Answer 12

Nausea

Question 13

In molecular biology, hemagglutinins are receptor-binding membrane fusion glycoproteins produced by viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. Hemagglutinins are responsible for binding to receptors on red blood cells to initiate viral attachment and infection.

Answer 13

Hemagglutinin (HA)

Question 14

also called sialidase, any of a group of enzymes that cleave sialic acid, a carbohydrate occurring on the surfaces of cells in humans and other animals and in plants and microorganisms.

Answer 14

Neuraminidase (NA)

Question 15

Acute symptoms of influenza

Answer 15

High temperature, sore throat, runny nose,
headache, muscle and joint pain, and a severe malaise (feeling unwell). The cough may be strong and linger for two weeks or more.

Most people get through fever and other symptoms in a week or less without needing to see a doctor

Question 16

influenza can result in serious illness or even death, especially in persons who may be at high risk. (Signs and Symptoms)

Answer 16

• sudden onset of fever
• cough
• headache
• muscle and joint pain
• severe malaise
• sore throat
• runny nose

Question 17

Diagnostic tests available for influenza

Answer 17

-viral culture
-serology
-rapid antigen testing
-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
-immunofluorescence assays
-rapid molecular assays
-Nasopharyngeal or nasal swab, and nasal wash or aspirate, depending on which kind of test is used. Samples should be collected within the first 3-4 days of illness.

Question 18

________ are antigen detection assays that generally require the use of a fluorescent
microscope to produce results in approximately 2-4 hours with moderate sensitivity and high
specificity.

Answer 18

immunofluorescence assays

Question 19

_____________ are a new kind of molecular influenza diagnostic test for upper
respiratory tract specimens with high sensitivity and specificity.

Answer 19

Rapid molecular assays

Question 20

___________ are antigen detection assays that can detect influenza viruses within 15 minutes with low to moderate sensitivity and high specificity. One platform uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification and has high sensitivity and yields results in 15 minutes or less. Another platform uses RT-PCR and has high sensitivity and produces results in approximately 20 minutes

Answer 20

Commercial rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs)

Question 21

The collection of some respiratory samples for viral culture is essential for determining the influenza A virus subtypes and influenza A and B virus strains causing illness, and for surveillance of new virus strains that may need to be included in the next year’s influenza vaccine.

Answer 21

Viral Culture

Question 22

____________ results for antibodies to human influenza viruses on a single serum
specimen are not interpretable and are not recommended.

Answer 22

Serologic Testing

Question 23

Treatment

Answer 23

● Neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) should be
prescribed as soon as possible (ideally, within 48 hours following symptom onset) to
maximize therapeutic benefits.
● Antibiotics should be given only for complications of influenza, such as pneumonia and otitis media.
● Treatment is recommended for a minimum of 5 days but can be extended until there is
satisfactory clinical improvement.
● Corticosteroids should not be used routinely unless indicated for other reasons as it has been associated with prolonged viral clearance, and immunosuppression leading to bacterial or fungal superinfection.
● For the circulating influenza viruses - it is resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs (such as amantadine and rimantadine), and these are therefore not recommended for monotherapy.

Question 24

(Treatment)

___________________ and ______________should be prescribed as soon as possible (ideally, within 48 hours following symptom onset) to
maximize therapeutic benefits.

Answer 24

Neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza)

Question 25

(Treatment)

___________ should be given only for complications of influenza, such as pneumonia and otitis media.

Answer 25

Antibiotics

Question 26

(Treatment)

_____________ should NOT be used routinely unless indicated for other reasons as it has been associated with prolonged viral clearance, and immunosuppression leading to bacterial or fungal superinfection.

Answer 26

Corticosteroids

Question 27

(Treatment)

For the circulating influenza viruses - it is resistant to ______________________, and these are therefore not recommended for monotherapy.

Answer 27

adamantane antiviral drugs (such as amantadine and rimantadine)