group behaviour earley (1993)

Question 1

aim

Answer 1

1) see whether collectivists perform worse in outgroup than ingroup

2) see whether anticipated rewards and group and individual efficacy expectations will mediate the effects of group context and collectivism-individualism on performance

Question 2

methodology

Answer 2

experiment where ps performed tasks under conditions of varying group membership

3 types
1) alone
2) member of 10 person outgroup. told from diff regions and been thru this b4. differences in traits emphasised
3) opposite of 2

not in physical presence but told part of grp
each p radomly assigned
room w other ps but told this not their grp

Question 3

sample

Answer 3

volunteer sample
165 entry or middle managers
45 israelis
60 chinese
60 americans
aged 25-40
bachelor’s degree or higher

Question 4

the task

Answer 4

seated at table
read set of instructions
told them abt task and told them to work earnestly not skip anyhting
simulated in basket of 40 items
writing memos prioritising client interviews and rating job apps
chosen bc familiar tasks in ps workplaces
used in earleys 1989 study w chinese and american managers
piloted w israeli managers b4 study

each p given 5 sample items for 5 mins
practice trial output used by exps as feedbacl
to give ps
as estimate of how they wld perform in task

Question 5

dependent measures

Answer 5

performance measured as the number of correctly completed in basked tasks in 60 mins

individualism-collectivism measured by 5pt scale where ps responded to items like ‘if group slowing me down its better to leave than work alone’
higher score = collectivist

individual and group efficacy measured using performance scale
self efficacy expectations for performance rated from 0 to 100
100 is certain can achieve performance

Question 6

results

Answer 6

1) individualists performed better alone than in ingroups and outgroups
2) collectivists performed less well in outgroups and working alone than in ingroups
3) self efficacy levels and expected performance partially mediated the effects of group condition and individualism-collectivism on task performance
4) measures of both grp and individual self efficacy and anticipated performance higher for collectivists china and israel in ingroups than outgroups or alone

Question 7

conclusion

Answer 7

1) individual and grp efficacy will increase in collectivists if high identification with the group they working in

2) individual loafing may occur in collectivists when working alone

3) although C-Ism affects grp performance the type of grp in or out may be more important

Question 8

strength reliability replicability

Answer 8

quantative methods
ques and rating scales
objective
high reliability and replicability

Question 9

strength holistic

Answer 9

extended earleys 1989 research
showed collectivisits = no social loaf = too simplistic

complex between collectiivism grp mmebrsip anticipated self efficacy and perfromance

MORE HOLISTIC APPROACH
in diff cultures
enhaneced understanding of the phenomenon for future research

Question 10

application to everyday life

Answer 10

weakness
artificial setting
low eco validity

Question 11

idiographic vs nomothetic

Answer 11

use of exp + ques = nomothetic
quanti methodology
grp avgs
analysed to make predictions of grp in general
collectivists perform better predictions made

WEAKNESS bc replication and generalisability BUT simplifies complex bhevaiour
dont learn WHY
quali idiographic methods like case studies can show