group behaviour: individual and group performance Flashcards
(13 cards)
social facilitation
tendency to perform a task better or faster in the presence of others
triplett 1898
watching bicycle races
faster when racing rather than riding against a clock
studied 40 children playing a game turning a small reel
turned it quicker when played in pairs
presence of others may be:
1) working w u co action effect
2) presence of an audience audience effect
factors affecting social facilitation
drive theory
evaluation apprehension
drive theory
drive = arousal and internal motivation
zajonc 1966 people perform better simple tasks and new taksks worse bc social inhibition
drive theory = difficult task more arousal
more people more arousal
past optimum arousal and stress caused
dominant response likely to be wrong
arousal levels depend on individual diffs
supported by yerkes dodson theory of optimal arousal which says that you reach your peak level of performance with a certain level of stress
too much or too little is poorer performance
evaluation apprehension
anxiety a person feels when worried about being judged/rejected
heightened arousal
can inhibit and enhance performance
schmitt et al 1986
studied 45 college undergrads
3 conditions
work alone
work in presence of person blindfold headphones
work in presence of evaluating experimenter
told to do task
simple = type name repeatedly
complex = type name backwards w ascending numbers between letters
faster on simple and slower on complex for audience conditions
results mrore pronounced in eval condition
SUPPORTS EVAL APPREHENSION AND SOCIAL FACILITATION AUDIENCE THEORY
social loafing
in grp settings people put in less individual effort
individually less production
max ringelmann
groups outperform individuals
but individuals dont reach their potential in groups
ringelmann 1913
pull rope attached to pressure gauge
more people pulling on the rope, less potential
BC coordination loss and motivation loss
loss of coordination main reason tho
social impact theory
latane 1981
social loafing explained through social impact theory
thoughts feelings and behvaiours influenced by real or imaged presence or actions of other people
amount of influence someone has depends on strength immediacy number
number most important
diffusion of responsibility in the group
social loafing if not being individually eval in a group
more prominent the more the people
latane 1981 stand in semi circle and either clap or shout loud
individually then w group
noise icncreased w group size but not in proportion to num of members
less noise the more ppl in the group
performance theories strength
support from research evidence
study by triplett then support by schmitt et al 1986
latane several studies abt social impact and link to social loafing
scientific and quanti data
objective
comparisons
test hypotheses
MORE RELIABLE!!
performance theories individual situational
strength
both factors
drive theory interal physiological process w also individual factors
eval apprehension is situational factors
SO ALL MORE COMPLETE THEORIES
performance theories cultural differences
weakness
reserach support
majoirty is individualist cultures
may be worth taking a more idiohraphic approach
look at indiu=cusls themselves
bc more imorjant than cultures bc those indivulistic in values would be subject to it even if in collectivist cukture
performance theories application to everyday life
lab exp
artificial tasks
low eco validity
not applicable irl workplace
latane used cockroaches to study
SO CAN IT BE APPLIED TO HUMANS?
social loafing individualist vs collectivist
more in individualist
individualist works worse in groups too
social loafing dont apply to all cultures
earley’s process model of group performance
cultural influence
individualists more efficiacy alone
vice versa
earley 1993 this is true for individualists
but collectivists depends on group
efficiacy better w ingroup
cognitive bias when assume ingroup similar to self and outgrouo member is diff
collectivists will anticipate greater rewards and feel higher efficiacy
performa better in group
OPP for indivudalaidt they feel it when alone
