Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS1 > Growth and ageing > Flashcards

Growth and ageing Flashcards

1
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

increase in cell numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells can grow/regenerate?

A

labile and stable cells (e.g. liver, skin, blood cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which cells cannot grow/regenerate?

A

permanent cells e.g. neurons, podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What factors affect growth?

A

genetic (hereditary e.g. ethnicity) and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of environmental factors that affect growth

A

nutrition, disease, growth factors e.g. hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many growth spurts are there?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the first growth spurt associated with?

A

brain development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the second growth spurt associated with?

A

growth of reproductive organs (sex hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is the recommended intervention age for orthodontics 12 years old?

A

Because brain growth is related to facial development and it plateaus at ~10 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does brain development plateau?

A

approximately 10 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of orthodontic appliances are used if intervention is required before 10 years of age?

A

removable / non-fixed appliances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are sex hormones related to total body height?

A

sex hormones cause the closure of epiphyseal plates which stops the growth of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the main hormones that influence growth?

A

thyroid hormones, growth hormone, sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aside from thyroid hormones, growth hormones and sex hormones, which other hormones influence growth?

A

insulin (glucose), cortisol, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (Ca)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Functions of thyroid hormones

A

normal development and growth including neuronal, protein synthesis in the brain of foetus and infant, facilitates actions of growth hormone and sympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name of the deficiency of thyroid hormones?

A

hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the name of hypothyroidism in infants?

A

foetal / neonate hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the symptoms of foetal / neonate hypothyroidism?

A

sparse hair, enlarged tongue, delayed tooth eruption, permanent mental impairments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What types of growth does hypothyroidism impede on?

A

brain development and skeletal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can growth defects due to hypothyroidism be rectified?

A

thyroxine supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Can thyroxine supplements lead to complete recovery from hypothyroidism?

A

recovery of mental functions may not be complete (effects of missed development already in place) - depends on onset and duration of hypothyroid state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What two areas of development does growth hormone affect?

A

metabolic and growth-promoting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Does growth hormone have mainly direct or indirect effects on metabolism and growth-promotion?

A

indirect actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the metabolic actions of growth hormone?
increase blood glucose levels, decrease glucose uptake by cells, increase lipolysis, facilitates uptake of amino acids
26
Why can growth hormone be referred to as anti-insulin?
because GH increases blood glucose concentration by reducing glucose uptake into cells
27
What is the advantage of growth hormone increasing lipolysis?
to make more fatty acids available for energy production
28
What is the advantage of growth hormone facilitating amino acid uptake?
increases protein synthesis
29
Which cells does growth hormone particularly increase amino acid uptake for?
liver and muscle cells
30
When do the main growth-promoting effects of growth hormone occur?
post-natal period, infancy and adolescence
31
Which type of growth hormone exerts effects on cartilage, bone, soft tissues and viscera?
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor)
32
Where is IGF-1 produced?
liver
33
How does IGF-1 affect long bones?
IGF-1 stimulates cartilage proliferation in long bones until epiphyses close
34
Name 2 types of dwarfism
hypothyroid and hypopituitary dwarfism
35
What is the appearance of a hypothyroid 8 year old?
infant proportions (height of 2yo) but chubbier and wider face shape
36
What is the appearance of a hypopituitary 8 year old?
normal proportions but height of 2 year old and lean
37
Name the sex hormones
oestrogen and testosterone
38
Which hormones are responsible for the pubertal growth spurt?
sex hormones
39
How are the effects of sex hormones mediated?
by increased secretion of GH and IGF-1
40
What is the effect of sex hormones on bone development?
Sex hormones stimulate bone growth but accelerate closure of epiphyseal growth plates (fast growth but limited to shorter time)
41
Which hormone is the anabolic steroid?
testosterone
42
What is the effect of testosterone?
testosterone has an anabolic effect on protein synthesis, increasing muscle bulk
43
Which hormone does insulin promote the secretion of?
insulin-like growth factor IGF-1
44
How does insulin contribute to growth?
promotes foetal and post-natal growth, facilitates protein synthesis
45
How does insulin promote post-natal growth?
insulin stimulates the secretion of IGF-1 (results in cartilage proliferation in long bones)
46
How does insulin facilitate protein synthesis?
insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells for energy production
47
What is the effect of higher than normal cortisol levels?
growth inhibition
48
How does cortisol inhibit growth?
stimulates protein catabolism, suppresses bone growth, promotes bone resorption
49
What bone condition is related to stress?
osteoporosis (cortisol stimulates bone resorption)
50
Why does childhood illness cause growth-retarding effects?
illness and stress cause raised cortisol levels which inhibits growth
51
How do vitamin D and parathyroid hormone contribute to growth?
ensure adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate are available for bone formation
52
What aspect of development are calcium and phosphate essential for?
bone growth
53
Effect of vitamin D (1,25 (OH)2 cholecalciferol / calcitriol)
increase plasma Ca and PO4
54
Effect of PTH
increase plasma Ca
55
What is the effect of excess growth hormone in childhood?
normal growth is accelerated leading to gigantism
56
What is the name of the condition that occurs when a child has excess growth hormone?
gigantism
57
What happens when adults have excess growth hormone?
appositional growth occurs in extremities
58
What is appositional growth?
new bone tissue is added to the surface of existing bone
59
Why does longitudinal growth not occur if there is excess growth hormone in adults?
epiphyseal plates are sealed
60
What is the name of the condition that occurs when there is excess growth hormone in adults?
acromegaly
61
What happens during acromegaly?
hands, feet and jaw increase in bulk
62
How may acromegaly impact oral health?
wider mandible leads to diastema - interproximal caries reduced, masticatory mucosa keratinised
63
Where is growth hormone produced?
anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
64
What can cause gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults?
tumour of the pituitary gland (causing excess GH secretion)
65
Where is the pituitary gland located?
in a saddle-shaped depression of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica
66
How can a tumour of the pituitary gland be identified in a radiograph of the head?
increased area of radiolucency shows an enlarged sella turcica
67
What is the name of the disorder that causes defective cartilage growth?
achondroplasia
68
What does achondroplasia affect?
long bones and cartilage growth centres e.g. spheno-occipital synchondrosis in cranial base. Leads to dwarfism
69
What factors does an individuals lifespan depend on?
genetic and environmental factors
70
Which environmental factors affect lifespan?
nutrition, lifestyle, absence of disease
71
What is cellular ageing?
a decline in the ability of cells to divide over time due to accumulation of damage and shortening of telomeres
72
Where does damage accumulate in cells as they divide?
errors in DNA sequence, abnormal proteins, damage to organelles
73
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
74
When does apoptosis occur?
during development, to replace worn out cells, to destroy tumour cells

BDS1 (105 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions