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BDS1 > Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus > Flashcards

Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus Flashcards

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1
Q

Meaning of cervical viscera

A

internal organs in the neck

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2
Q

3 overall functions of cervical visceral

A

Respiratory, Endocrine, Alimentary

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3
Q

Structure of the pharynx

A

Muscular tube from base of skull to oesophagus (C6)

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4
Q

what are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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5
Q

Function of pharynx

A

Digestive and respiratory function. Conducts air. Muscles contract to propel food to oesophagus

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6
Q

Which part of the pharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity?

A

nasopharynx

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7
Q

Which duct drains into the nasal cavity and then into the nasopharynx?

A

Nasolacrimal duct (tear ducts drains from corner of eye)

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8
Q

Which structures are closely associated to the nasopharynx?

A

Opening of auditory tube, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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9
Q

Function of auditory tube

A

equalises pressure between inner and outer environment (ear pop)

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10
Q

Function of tubal tonsils

A

lymphatic tissue that protects against pathogens entering via nose and ear

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11
Q

Function of pharyngeal tonsils / adenoids

A

Protect against pathogens that enter via nose

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12
Q

Location of tubal tonsils

A

Posterior to opening of auditory tube

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13
Q

Location of pharyngeal tonsils / adenoids

A

Posterior and superior to nasopharynx

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14
Q

Which tonsils enlarge between the age of 3-8 and regress as immunity develops so that they may not be visible in adults?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

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15
Q

Location of oropharynx

A

From soft palate to base of tongue / epiglottis

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16
Q

Function of epiglottis

A

Closes like a flap during deglutition to prevent entry of food to larynx and trachea

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17
Q

Name of the two arches/folds that make up the pillars of fauces

A

Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches/fold

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18
Q

Location of palatoglossal arch

A

Anterior arch connecting soft palate to lateral sides of tongue

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19
Q

Function of palatoglossal arch

A

Contains palatoglossus muscle which pulls the soft palate to the tongue when swallowing to prevent the entry of food to nose

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20
Q

Location of palatopharyngeal fold

A

Posterior fold which connects soft palate to wall of oropharynx. Located more medially that palatoglossal fold

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21
Q

Function of palatopharyngeal fold

A

Contains palatopharyngeus muscle that tenses soft palate and draws pharynx anteriorly when swallowing

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22
Q

Location of palatine tonsils

A

in tonsillar fossa which is found between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds and the tongue

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23
Q

Which tonsils are most affected by a sore throat?

A

Palatine tonsils

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24
Q

What is the name of the ring of lymphatic tissue found in the soft palate and pharynx?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

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25
Which tonsils make up Waldeyer's ring?
Palatine, pharyngeal, tubal, lingual tonsils
26
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
Posterior third of tongue
27
Location of laryngopharynx
From epiglottis to the level of cricoid cartilage (which is below the thyroid cartilage)
28
Which part of the pharynx forms part of the laryngeal inlet?
Laryngopharynx
29
What is the name of the small depressions on either side of the larynx opening?
Piriform fossa
30
What is the clinical relevance of the Piriform fossa?
Most common region (70%) of laryngopharyngeal cancer
31
Which muscles propel food through the pharynx?
Superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor muscles
32
Which directions do pharyngeal constrictor muscles run in?
circularly on the outside, longitudinally on the inside
33
Arrangement of pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Like stacked glasses
34
Mode of action of pharyngeal constrictor muscles
contract sequentially from superior to inferior in order to propel food to oesophagus via peristalsis
35
Which nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
Pharyngeal plexus and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
36
Location of superior constrictor
Base of skull and mylohyoid (muscle that form floor of mouth)
37
Where does the middle constrictor originate from?
Hyoid bone
38
What is the hyoid bone?
U-shaped bone in anterior neck not attached to other bones, only ligaments and muscle attachment.
39
Where does the inferior constrictor originate from?
From the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage in the larynx
40
What are the motor nerves that supply muscles of the pharynx?
Vagus (CN X) except stylopharyngeus (CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve) and one tensor (veli palatini CN V - trigeminal nerve)
41
What is the main sensory nerve of the pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
42
What is the main structure innervating the pharynx?
Pharyngeal plexus (made of glossopharyngeal CN IX, vagus CN X, maxillary CNII nerves)
43
Name of posterior attachment of pharyngeal constrictors
Pharyngeal raphe
44
What is otitis media?
Middle ear infection in which auditory tube becomes blocked an inflamed. More common in children as they have a shorter auditory tube.
45
Which tonsils are most commonly affected by tonsilitis?
Palatine tonsils
46
Cause of tonsillitis
bacterial or viral infection
47
Damage to which structures must be avoided during a tonsillectomy?
External palatine vein, tonsillar artery, internal carotid artery, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
48
What is the oesophagus?
A 20-25cm muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
49
Location of oesophagus
Lies in the neck, thorax and abdomen posterior to the trachea and heart.
50
Which structure can impact the size of the oesophagus?
The trachea - as it expands during inhalation the oesophagus can become compressed
51
At which point does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?
Oesophageal hiatus (about tenth thoracic vertebrae)
52
Name of sphincters in the oesophagus
Upper oesophageal sphincter and lower oesophageal sphincter (prevent back flow of bolus)
53
What makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?
Fibres from inferior constrictor muscle and skeletal muscle (despite being involuntary)
54
Which feature of the lower oesophageal sphincter supports its function/physiology?
Angle at which oesophagus connects to stomach
55
Alternative names of the lower oesophageal sphincter
Gastroesophageal sphincter, cardiac sphincter
56
layers of the oesophagus
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa (containing submucosal glands), muscularis propria
57
Why is the oesophageal epithelium stratified, squamous and non-keratinised?
Stays moist to lubricate movement of food. Multiple layers protect against mechanical damage
58
Function of muscularis mucosae
Enhances nutrient supply and aids secretion via small movements
59
Structure of muscularis propria
Inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer of muscle
60
What are the muscle types in the oesophagus?
Transitions from skeletal in upper third, to mixed in middle, smooth in lower third
61
Which glands are found in the submucosa of the oesophagus?
Mucus secreting glands
62
Clinical relevance of dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter?
Can cause Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
63
What can GORD result in?
Metaplasia, Barrett's oesophagus, dysplasia, oesophageal cancer
64
What is metaplasia?
abrupt change in epithelium type
65
What is Barrett's oesophagus?
When oesophageal epithelium changes from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium
66
What is dysplasia?
abnormal cell growth resulting in unequal cell size, excess pigment and higher mitotic figures. Dysplasia increases the risk of oesophageal carcinoma.
67
2 roles of deglutition
moves food to stomach and prevents entry to airway
68
Oral phase of deglutition
Food is moved posteriorly to pharyngeal surface of tongue approaching oropharynx. Liquid remains infront of pillars before being swallowed.
69
Pharyngeal phase of deglutition
The bolus moves from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx via contraction of 3 constrictor muscles. Soft palate rises, epiglottis is depressed (closes), vocal cords contract using pharyngeal constrictors. Prevents entry to larynx. UOS relaxes to allow passage into oesophagus.
70
Oesophageal phase of deglutition
UOS constricts pushing bolus down. Peristalsis as oesophagus constricts above the bolus and dilates and shortens below it. LOS relaxes - angle allows controlled movement into cardia.
71
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
72
Causes of dysphasia
Neuromuscular disease of the constrictor muscles (MS, stroke). Obstruction from srictures (scarring from chronic inflammation), tumours, developmental abnormality e.g. fistula.
73
3 possible tracheo-oesophageal fistula
1. lower oesophagus connects with trachea instead of upper oesophagus 2. oesophagus forms in two parts from the pharynx and the stomach but don't meet 3. oesophagus connected to trachea - food passes into trachea causing choking, swollen abdomen, blue, frothing at mouth.
74
Fistula definition
Abnormal connection between 2 epithelial lined hollowed organs e.g. blood vessels, intestines

BDS1 (109 decks)

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