Locomotion

Question 1

Function of skeletal system

Answer 1

provides basic shape, support for body, allows production of movement by muscular system, protects vital organs

Question 2

What are the 2 parts of the skeletal system?

Answer 2

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 3

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

Answer 3

cranium, vertebrae, ribs, sternum (head, neck, trunk)

Question 4

What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?

Answer 4

limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle

Question 5

function of cartilage

Answer 5

allows flexibility, articular cartilage reduces friction

Question 6

Function of bone

Answer 6

support, protection, mechanical basis (leverage/locomotion), storage (e.g. Ca), new cells

Question 7

What are the 2 types of bones?

Answer 7

compact and spongy bone

Question 8

Where is spongy bone found in long bones?

Answer 8

epiphysis

Question 9

Where can a bone marrow biopsy be taken from?

Answer 9

side of hip (or sternum/skull)

Question 10

Function of compact bone

Answer 10

strength for weight bearing

Question 11

Where is compact bone found in long bones?

Answer 11

diaphysis

Question 12

What are the different elevations found on long bones?

Answer 12

tubercle, ridges, crests

Question 13

Function of elevations of long bones

Answer 13

attachment of muscle

Question 14

What are the different bone classifications

Answer 14

1. long bones
2. short bones
3. flat bones
4. irregular bones
5. sesamoid bones

Question 15

Shape of long bones

Answer 15

tubular

Question 16

shape of short bones

Answer 16

cuboidal e.g. tarsus, carpus

Question 17

function of flat bones

Answer 17

protective

Question 18

Example location of irregular bones

Answer 18

viscerocranium

Question 19

What are sesamoid bones?

Answer 19

bones embedded in tendons e.g. patella

Question 20

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Answer 20

diaphysis

Question 21

What are the ends of long bones called?

Answer 21

epiphysis

Question 22

What is the metaphysis?

Answer 22

area of growth containing the epiphyseal plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 23

What is bone marrow called?

Answer 23

medulla

Question 24

Where is bone marrow found?

Answer 24

medullary cavity

Question 25

What is the endosteum?

Answer 25

thin vascular connective tissue that lines the inside of compact bone (medullary cavity) and trabeculae of spongy bone.

Question 26

What is the periosteum?

Answer 26

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bones. Contains blood vessels, nerves and osteoblasts

Question 27

What are bone markings?

Answer 27

areas where tendons, ligaments or fascia attach or where arteries lie adjacent.

Question 28

What are bone formations?

Answer 28

passage of a tendon to improve leverage

Question 29

Capitulum definition

Answer 29

rounded protuberance e.g. humerus

Question 30

condyle definition

Answer 30

large prominence providing structural support overlying hyaline cartilage (e.g. femur)

Question 31

Crest definition

Answer 31

raised or prominent part of bone edge (e.g. iliac crest)

Question 32

Epicondyle definition

Answer 32

rounded protuberance at end of bone for ligaments, tendons, muscles

Question 33

Facet definition

Answer 33

symmetrical synovial-lined joints with a fibrous capsule that connect the articular facets of the vertebrae

Question 34

Foramen definition

Answer 34

passage/opening between 2 cavities/hole in bone (e.g. base of skull)

Question 35

Fossa definition

Answer 35

shallow depression in bone surface e.g. scapula

Question 36

Groove definition

Answer 36

narrow channel, depression or furrow (e.g. humerus)

Question 37

Malleolus definition

Answer 37

expanded projection/process at the distal end of fibula or tibia at level of ankle (lateral/medial)

Question 38

Notch definition

Answer 38

depression in a bone which often provides stabilisation to adjacent articulating bone (e.g. pelvis)

Question 39

Protuberance definition

Answer 39

body part that bulges (protrudes) outwards from surface (e.g. occipital)`

Question 40

Trochanter definition

Answer 40

tubercle of femur near its joint with hip bone

Question 41

Trochlea

Answer 41

anatomical structure resembling a pully (e.g. humerus)

Question 42

Tubercle definition

Answer 42

a small rounded projection e.g. humerus

Question 43

tuberosity definition

Answer 43

moderate prominence where muscles and CT attach e.g. tibia

Question 44

How to distinguish between flexion and extension?

Answer 44

flexion is movement that decreases angle of joint whereas extension increases angle of joint

Question 45

What is opposition?

Answer 45

movement of thumb to pinky

Question 46

What is reposition?

Answer 46

returning thumb and pinky to anatomical position

Question 47

What is supination?

Answer 47

turning palm upwards

Question 48

What is pronation?

Answer 48

turning palm downwards, dorsum upwards

Question 49

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

Answer 49

abduction moves limb away from midline, adduction is towards midline

Question 50

Which joints are most stable?

Answer 50

hip and knee joints

Question 51

Which joint is less stable?

Answer 51

ankle joint

Question 52

Which muscle groups undergo small contractions to maintain posture when standing?

Answer 52

erector spinae muscles and plantar flexor muscles

Question 53

What are the 2 phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 53

stance phase (60%) and swing phase (40%)

Question 54

What percentage of the time are lower limbs on the ground when walking?

Answer 54

60%

Question 55

Describe the stages of the gait cycle

Answer 55

1. heal strike 2. loading response (foot flat) 3. midstance 4. terminal stance (heel off) 5. pre-swing (toe off) 6. Initial and mid-swing 7. Terminal swing