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sensory and motor neuroscience > GS olfactory > Flashcards

GS olfactory Flashcards

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1
Q

list advantages of olfaction

A

locate and track prey
long distance warning beyond line of sight in the dark
sexual attraction
hedonic reward system

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2
Q

VISCERAL RESPONSE
what does smelling food cause

A

salivation and gastric motility

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3
Q

what causes salivation and gastric motility

A

smelling food

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4
Q

what does a noxious smell cause

A

gag

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5
Q

what smell causes you to gag

A

noxious

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6
Q

infants recognise mothers by what

A

scent

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7
Q

mothers can recognise the _____ of her baby

A

scent

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8
Q

women housed together synchronise what

A

menstrual cycles

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9
Q

the neuroepithelium contains what kind of neurons and what two types of cells

A

olfactory sensory neurons (OSN)
sustentacular cells
stem cells (basal cells)

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10
Q

OSN’s are generated from what cells

A

basal cells

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11
Q

where do ORN axons make new connections to

A

the olfactory bulb
(sits above cribriform plate

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12
Q

wiring of the olfactory system involves what kind of cells

A

mitral cells
and two populations of interneurons

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13
Q

wiring of the olfactory system involves mitral cells and what two populations of interneurons

A

periglomerular cells and granule cells

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14
Q

apical dendrites of sensory neurons project through what cavity and what type of cells

A

support cells and nasal cavity

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15
Q

apical dendrites are capped by what
and what do they project through (cavity)

A

capped by dendritic cilia projecting into specialised mucus in the nasal cavity

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16
Q

the cilia have receptor sites for what molecules

A

odorant molecules

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17
Q

odorant molecules are structures for what

A

olfactory signal transduction

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18
Q

life span of olfactory sensory neurons

A

short lived (1-2) months

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19
Q

what do olfactory sensory neurons regenerate from

A

basal stem cells

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20
Q

what is the function of the cribriform plate

A

separates the nose from the brain

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21
Q

what structure separates the nose from the brain

A

cribifrom plate

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22
Q

OSN pass through what structure with holes to enter the brain

A

cribiform plate

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23
Q

what neurons pass through the cribiform plate through tiny holes to enter the brain

A

OSN

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24
Q

what kind of receptors are odorant receptors

A

GPCR’s

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25
mammalian odour receptors are related to what other receptors
chemosensory receptors
26
what receptors are odorant receptors
T1R, TR2
27
what receptors are taste receptors
VR3
28
what kind of receptors are vomeronsal receptors
DOR, DGR
29
odors are detected by receptors and transduced into an electrical signal. This results into the generation of what
generation of an action potential
30
the action potentials travel down axons of what this action potential eventually meets with other axons and ends up forming what nerve
olfactory receptors olfactory nerve (CN1)
31
OR's are GPCR's which activate what via which G protein
1. adenyl cyclase type III 2. via G protein -> G(olf)
32
Camp opens what
cyclic-nucleotide gated cation channel (Ca and Na influx)
33
once cAMP opens a non selective, cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel what does it do to the ciliary membrane
depolarises the ciliary membrane
34
a Ca2+ influx through the CNG channels opens what
Ca2+ activated chloride channels
35
Cl- leaves the ORN ____________ its concentration gradient
against
36
once Cl_ leaves the ORN against its concentration gradient, what does this do
further depolarises the cell and provides amplification
37
action potential generation in Olfactory receptor neurons within the olfactory signal transduction releases what
glutamate
38
Neuronal Cl_ channels normally mediate what kind of receptors
inhibitory
39
OSN's maintain an unusually (high/low) intracellular Cl- concentration due to what kind of membrane pump
1. high 2. NKCC1
40
OSN maintains what its own Cl- battery in case of what
if the Na+ gradient in the mucus is insufficient to support a threshold current
41
OSN maintains what its own Cl- battery in case the Na+ gradient in the mucus is insufficient to support a threshold current and uses it to do what
boost the response
42
odour molecules activate many what proteins
G proteins
43
one AC activates many what
cAMP molecules
44
adaptation via Ca and other proteins allows for what
sensitivity and extends the range of concentration of odour stimulation
45
each sensory neuron responds to a what or what
single odorant or a specific repertoire chemically related odorant
46
an odour is __________ by a specific combination of responding neurons
encoded
47
sensory neurons respond to odorant by what which does what to the neuron
1. inward current 2. depolarises the neuron
48
there is a relationship between odorant concentration and size/duration of the inward current, sufficient depolarisation triggers what
an action potential
49
what is the structure of a glomerulus
spherical structures containing incoming axons of the OSN
50
what is the first processing station in the brain
glomerulus
51
what kind of action does a periglomerular cell have
inhibitory
52
what does a periglomerular cell do
connects one glomerulus to another
53
what kind of action does a granule cell have
inhibitory
54
what does a granule cell do
connect sone mitral cell to another
55
where is the granule cell
in granule cell layer
56
mitral cells receive odour information from where
receptor/sensory neurons
57
what do mitral cells do with odour information
refine the signal and amplify it
58
where do mitral cells receive input from when they refine the signal and amplify it what do they then do with the message
via inputs from PG and GR then they relay the message
59
when mitral cells are activated impulses flow from the olfactory bulbs through the lateral olfactory bulbs to where
thalamus hypothalamus amygdala
60
when mitral cell are activated impulses flow from the olfactory bulbs and then eventually to theto the thalamus where does the impulse go after this
pirform lobe of the olfactory cortex and part of the frontal lobe
61
where are smells consciously interpreted and identified
frontal lobe
62
smells that are associated with danger trigger what response
sympathetic fight or flight
63
why is olfaction strongly tied to memory
because it skips the thalamus and the main olfactory bulb is directly connected to the amygdala
64
what is involved in the formation of memories and emotionalexperiences
amygdala
65
how many receptors are expressed by a single sensory neuron
1
66
cells expressing the same receptor converge on how many glomeruli
1 or few
67
each mitral cells innervates a single glomerulus via what
apical dendrites
68
cells for detecting an odour are dispersed where
in the epithelium of the glomerulus
69
expression of single OR genes requires the presense of what
a functional OR
70
paternal and maternal alleles of the same OR occupy what
different areas in the glomerulus
71
targeted KO's pf golf and CNGA2 cause what
severe anosmia
72
OR-derived glomerular cAMP signals are not required for what
OSN projection
73
OR govern both the coarse and refined map via what
cAMP levels and electrical activity/ca influx respectively
74
expression of kir2.1 (a K channel) in compound genetic mice lacking dox inhibits what
neural activity in the OE
75
what ion channel is kir2,1
potassium
76
expression of kir during development (in utero and post natal) shows what
mistargeting/lack of glomerulus targeting
77
what is specific anosmia
the inability to smell one specific compound, amid otherwise normal smell perception
78
each mitral cell innervates a single what
glomerulus
79
different chemical domains are recognised by what
OR
80
multiple ORs have the ability to recognise the ____ domains
same
81
a particluar OR expressing neuron projects to what
a specific glomerulus

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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