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sensory and motor neuroscience > NNN > Flashcards

NNN Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

an entry of + ions results in what charge change

A

positive (depolarisation or excitation)

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2
Q

an exit of + or entry of - ions results in what charge

A

negative (hyperpolarisation or inhibition)

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3
Q

a drug that is an agonist of a Na channel does what

A

opens the channel, causing cell excitation

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4
Q

a Na antagonist does what to the channel

A

closes channel, stops ion flow and favours inhibition

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5
Q

a drug that is an agonist of a K channel does what

A

opens the K channel and causes K flow out of the cells, makes cell more negative (inhibitory)

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6
Q

a K channel antagonist does what to the channel

A

closes the K channel, retains the K in the cell and favours positive rmp and is therefore excitatory

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7
Q

depolarisation at the synapse causes what ions to enter the cell

A

Ca

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8
Q

calcium entry triggers what

A

exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents

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9
Q

neurotransmitter binding initiates a response where

A

in the post synaptc cell

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10
Q

neurotransmitters can be returned to axon terminals for what

A

reuse or transported into glial cells

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11
Q

enzymes (inactivate/activate) neurotransmitters

A

inactivate

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12
Q

neurotransmitters can diffuse out of what

A

the synaptic cleft

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13
Q

what are glutamate transporters required for

A

high rates of information transmission at excitatory synapses in the CNS

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14
Q

how many modes of action are there in the “post synaptic action”

A

2

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15
Q

what are the 2 modes of action

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

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16
Q

direct gating is by what mode of action

A

ionotropic receptors

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17
Q

indirect gating is by what mode of action

A

metabotropic receptors

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18
Q

gabe has what structure

A

pentamer

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19
Q

glycine has what structure

A

pentamer

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20
Q

nicotinic ach has what structure

A

pentamer

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21
Q

glutamate receptor has what structure

A

tertameric

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22
Q

glutamate is the major ______ neurotransmitter but may also have inhibitory effects via what kind of receptors

A

excitatory
metabotropic glutamate receptors

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23
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors ____ gate ion channels

A

directly

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24
Q

NMDA receptor controls a channel permeable to what ions

A

Na, Ca2+, and K+

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25
Kainate and AMPA channels are permeable to what ions
Na, and K+
26
ampa and kainate mediate ____ excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS
fast
27
nmda contributes to a ____ component to the excitatory synaptic potential
slow
28
ketamine influences the nmda receptor how
blocks
29
metabotropic glutamate receptors dont have what
intergral ion channel
30
how do metabotropic glutamate receptors exert their effects
second messenger cascade
31
GABA is the main what in the CNS
inhibitory neurotransmitter
32
GABA acts on how many receptors
2
33
ionotropic GABAa receptors operates what ion chanel
Cl-
34
GABAb is what kind of receptor
metabotropic
35
GABAb metabotropic receptor ofetn activates what ion channel
K+
36
what do benzodiazepines do to GABA
positive allosteric modulators - enhance Cl entry
37
how does baclofen influence the funtion of GABAb receptors
agonist, enhances the K current (increases inhibition)
38
glycine is what kind of neurotransmitter
inhibitory
39
where does glycine exret its effects
glycine ionotropic receptor
40
what ions are involved in glycine ionotropic receptors what what other neurons does it impact
Cl- inhibits antagonstic muscles motorneurons
41
hoq quick is ionotropic gating of ion channels
rapid
42
why cant (most of the time) metabotropic receptors trigger an action potential
too slow
43
Normally the slow actions of metabotropic receptors are insufficient to trigger an action potential so they have
modulatory synaptic actions
44
what do modulatory synaptic actions allow the metabotropic receptors to do
acting on channels in the presynaptic terminal to modulate transmitter release
45
metabotropic can influence ion channels how?
by being able to open and close them
46
fast EPSP is due to activation of what
nicotinic ach receptors
47
what ions do nicotinic ach receptors conduct
NA and K
48
slow epsp follows activation of what
muscarinic (GPCR) ach receptors
49
IPSP's are caused by the release of what
inhibitory neurotransmitters
50
the strength of a graded potential diminishes over distance due to what
current leak and cytoplasmic resistance
51
the amplitude increases in a graded potential as what ion enters
Na
52
the higher the amplitude of a graded potential the ...
the further the spread of the signal
53
if a graded potential does not go beyond the threshold at the trigger zone ....
an action potential will not be generated
54
the duration of an action potential depends on what
kinetics of activation of the contributing ionic conductances
55
action potential of most neurons aee followed by what
a marked afterhyperpolarisation
56
the amplitude of the AHP is usually close to the calculated what
Ek
57
glutamate neurotransmission results in what
excitation
58
GABA neurotransmission results in what
inhibition
59
neurotrasmitters are released in discrete packages called what
quanta
60
the number of quanta released varies with what
the stimulus
61
what is a stretegy used to increase quantal release
extensive innervation
62
what is an example of a mega humongous presynapse
calyx of held synapse
63
where is the calyx of held synapse
superior olivary complex
64
purkinje cells are inervated by what kind of fibres
climbing fibres
65
each parallel fibre contacts multiple what
purkinje cells
66
what is spatial summation
EPSP and IPSP are spatially distributed but times together
67
what is temporal summation
EPSP occur in temporal sequence such that threshold is triggered
68
both LTS and FS cells are interneurons releasing what
GABA
69
intercotrical excitatory neurons can evoke responses where
in LTS cells
70
FS cells innervate (release GABA where)
other FS cells RS cells LTS cells
71
LTS cells innervate (release GABA where)
FS cells RS cells but not on LTS cells
72
RS cells innervate (release glutamate where)
LTS cells RS cells FS cells
73
FS and LTS are _______ RS cells are not
electrically coupled
74
a netwrok of electrical coupled interneurons drives synchronised what
inhibition in neocortex
75
ACPD stimulation activates what cells and what does thic cause
LTS cells synchronous IPSP's in F cells
76
GRanule cells and inferior olivary cells are in conrtol of what neurotransmitter
glutamate
77
Purkinje celld are in control of what neurotransmitter
GABA
78
each purkinje cell is directly innervated by what
a single climbing fibre
79
granule cells axons ascend where
molecular layer
80
granule cells ascend to the molecular layer where they
bifurcate into parallel fibres
81
climbing fibers regulate relatively low what
low discharge of purkinje cells complex spikes
82
sensory systems code for what
modality, intensity, location, and duration of external stimuli
83
where does the process of coding start
receptors
84
each unique type os sensation is called what
sensory modality
85
receptove fields is defined by what
a region of sensory space whose stimulation results in a change in discharge of the neuron
86
the most basic mechanism for identifying the nature of sensory input is via what
labeled lines
87
a common principle is used for estimating where a stimulus is loacated - what is this celled
topographic mapping

sensory and motor neuroscience (10 decks)

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