the auditory system

Question 1

what is a sound

Answer 1

repetitive vibrations in air

Question 2

why can we hear?

Answer 2

an object vibrates -> producing changes in air pressure -> the air vibrates and travels in 3 dimensions -> we hear a sound

Question 3

what is the amplitude of a sound

Answer 3

intensity difference in air pressure from the baseline to the peak of a wave (dB)

Question 4

what is the amplitude of a sound measured in

Answer 4

dB - decibels

Question 5

what is the wavelength of a sound

Answer 5

the distance from one peak wave to the next

Question 6

what is the frequency of a sound

Answer 6

number of complete waves or cycles that pass by a given point in space every second

Question 7

how is the frequency of a sound measured

Answer 7

hertz (Hz)

Question 8

how is loudness/intensity of a sound determined

Answer 8

by amplitude

Question 9

what is the pitch of a sound determined by

Answer 9

frequency

Question 10

what is the timbre of a sound

Answer 10

the quality of a sound and is related to the characteristic of the sound wave

Question 11

If sound if the vibration of air - in the eardrum, what picks up the vibrations primarily

Answer 11

malleus, the incus, and the stapes

Question 12

after a sound vibrates the eardrum and then the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, where does the vibration then spread to

Answer 12

cochlea

Question 13

in the cochlea, what is the vibration of air converted to

Answer 13

movement/vibration of fluids in the cochlea

Question 14

in the cochlea, what is the vibration of sound captured by

Answer 14

hair cells

Question 15

in the cochlea the physical vibration is transduced to what kind of energy

Answer 15

neural energy

Question 16

what CN is the auditory vestibular nerve

Answer 16

CN VIII

Question 17

what are the 3 ossicle bones in the middle ear

Answer 17

malleus, incus, stapes

Question 18

in the middle ear, the 3 ossicle bones change the acoustic energy into what kind of energy

Answer 18

mechanical energy

Question 19

where are the three ossicle bones located

Answer 19

middle ear

Question 20

what type of energy is created by fluid motion in the inner ear

Answer 20

hydrodynamic energy

Question 21

middle ear bones over come the loss of sound by doing what

Answer 21

increasing sound pressure

Question 22

what is it called when the middle ear bones overcome the loss of sound by increasing sound pressure

Answer 22

impendence matching

Question 23

what 2 structures does the inner ear contain

Answer 23

cochlea
labyrinth

Question 24

in the inner ear, what system is the cochlea part of

Answer 24

auditory system

Question 25

in the inner ear, what system is the labyrinth a part of

Answer 25

vestibular system

Question 26

how many fluid filled cavities does the cochlea contain

Answer 26

3

Question 27

Anatomy of the cochlea reissner's membrane separates scala vestibuli from _______ basilar membrane separates scala media from __________ transduction: organ of carti hair cells, basilar membrane to _________

Answer 27

reissner's membrane separates scala vestibuli from scala media basilar membrane separates scala media from scala tympani transduction: organ of Corti hair cells, basilar membrane to tectorial membrane

Question 28

what are hair cells otherwise known as

Answer 28

sterocilia

Question 29

hair cells K+ current is (inwards/otwards)

Answer 29

inwards

Question 30

why is it important to recycle K+ in the endolymph ?

Answer 30

K channels, transporters and gap junctions are critical for reconstituting K in the endolymph as mutations in these can result you becoming deaf

Question 31

Hair cell transduction depending on how a hair cell _____ the hair cell can release neurotransmitters

Answer 31

bends

Question 32

Hair cell transduction after neurotransmitters are released in the hair cells, where are they captured?

Answer 32

nerve fibers

Question 33

the basilar membrane is flexible and vibrates in sync with ?

Answer 33

fluid motion

Question 34

what characteristics of the basilar membrane determines the distance a particular frequency travels

Answer 34

width and flexibility of the basilar membrane

Question 35

the width and flexibility of the basilar membrane determines what

Answer 35

the distance a particular frequency will travel

Question 36

basis for tonotopy different frequencies of sound waves activate hair cells in different

Answer 36

locations

Question 37

basis for tonotopy when hair cells bend most, they?

Answer 37

fire most

Question 38

what neurotransmitter is associated with the auditory system

Answer 38

Glutamate

Question 39

outer hair cells primarily get what kind of signal

Answer 39

efferent

Question 40

inner hair cells primarily get what kind of signal

Answer 40

afferent signal

Question 41

outer hair cells primarily get efferent inputs. They control ...

Answer 41

stiffness, amplify membrane vibration

Question 42

what hair cells can be known as a cochlear amplifier

Answer 42

outer hair cells

Question 43

in outer hair cells, what are motor proteins composed of

Answer 43

prestin

Question 44

in outer hair cells, motor proteins composed of prestin are capable of what

Answer 44

changing the length of the cell

Question 45

outer hair cells respond to sound and respond by a change in length when depolarised/hyperpolarised what happens when a OHC is depolarised

Answer 45

shortened

Question 46

outer hair cells respond to sound and respond by a change in length when depolarised/hyperpolarised what happens when a OHC is hyperpolarised

Answer 46

lengthen

Question 47

auditory fibers of the eight nerve send branches to both ____ and ____ cochlear nucleus

Answer 47

dorsal and ventral

Question 48

second order axons ascend contralaterally to innervate cells where

Answer 48

in the inferior colliculus

Question 49

neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus provide collateral branches to both ipsi and contralateral _____

Answer 49

superior olivary nuclei

Question 50

auditory complex: what vs where ventral (what/where)? dorsal (what/where)?

Answer 50

ventral - what dorsal - where

Question 51

what is broca's area used for

Answer 51

understanding language but unable to speak or write

Question 52

what is wernicke's area used for

Answer 52

speaks but cannot understand

Question 53

what are the types of hearing loss

Answer 53

conductive sensorineural mixed

Question 54

what is conductive hearing loss

Answer 54

processes that prevent sound from reaching the cochlea

Question 55

what can cause conductive hearing loss

Answer 55

ruptured ear drum abnormal growth obstructing ear flow

Question 56

what is sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 56

processes that damage hair cells, spiral ganglion cells and/or the auditory nerve

Question 57

what causes sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 57

noise, otoxic drugs, certain antibiotics or liver/kidney disorders where you will be prescribed loop diuretics which target the NKCC1 transporter

Question 58

what is mixed hearing loss

Answer 58

both conductive and sensorineural

Question 59

what is the most common sensory deficit in the world

Answer 59

sensorineural hearing loss

Question 60

is there a cure for age-related hearing loss?

Answer 60

no

Question 61

what are some biological strategies for use in the inner hear that help combat hearing loss

Answer 61

gene therapy stem cell therapy molecular therapy

Question 62

how do cochlear implants worl

Answer 62

bypass the nonfunctional or absent hair cells and directly stimulate spiral ganglion neurons

Question 63

who would not be a candidate for a cochlear implant

Answer 63

patients who lack spiral ganglion neurons

Question 64

what is tinnitus

Answer 64

perception of sound when no external stimulus is present

Question 65

what is an example of someone with tinnitus

Answer 65

ringing in the ears

Question 66

what are some things that make tinnitus worse

Answer 66

loud noises alcohol nicotine caffeine high sugar foods sedatives, antidepressants, aspirin high blood pressure stress/fatigue