GSTS: Finals Reviewers Flashcards by Jester Maza

It is the variation among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems, and the
ecological complexes of which they are a part.”

Biodiversity

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What are the three levels of biodiversity?

GENETIC DIVERSITY
SPECIES DIVERSITY
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

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It is the Variations among organisms of the same
species

GENETIC DIVERSITY

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It is the Variety of species within a particular
region

SPECIES DIVERSITY

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It is the Network of different species in an ecosystem
and their interaction with one another.

ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

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It refers to top biodiversity-rich countries. The concept is used to
highlight awareness to conservation issues around the world.

Megabiodiversity

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To qualify as a
megadiverse country, it must have a high level of _____ and _____ , as well as have marine ecosystem along its border.

endemism
species diversity

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This value represents the following:
Source of Food
Medicine
Energy
Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits
Ecosystem Services

Utilitarian

Value

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It is teh Inherent right of species to exist

Intrinsic Value

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Give atleast three benefits of biodiversity

REGULATE CLIMATE & FLOOD
REGULATE POLLINATION
REGULATE WATER & AIR QUALITY
REGULATE DECOMPOSITION OF WASTE
FOOD
MEDICINE
ENERGY
AIR & WATER

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“All the component of biological diversity associated with food and agriculture, and all components of biological diversity that related to agricultural ecosystems.”

Agrobiodiversity

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Give examples of Agrobiodiversity

Source of food and nutrition
Medicine and health value
Ecosystem services
Genetic resources
Knowledge
Economic value
Socio-economic to support livelihood

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This protocol states “Phasing out of ozone-depleting
gases (hydrofluorocarbons)

Montreal Protocol

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This protocol states Fight global warming by
reducing greenhouse gases

Kyoto Protocol

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This protocol states “Protecting biological diversity from potential
risks posed by living modified organisms
resulting from modern biotechnology

Cartagena Protocol &
Convention on Biological Diversity

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This protocol is all about Philippine Laws

Philippine Environmental
Jurisprudence

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It is the Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere has major effects on the environment such as the seasons, rising of the sea levels, and glacial retreats.

CLIMATE CHANGE

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It may either be caused by natural events like natural calamities and geological events or anthropogenic activities like deforestation and man-induced climate change.

HABITAT LOSS & DEGRADATION

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Be it water, air, or land pollution, all forms of pollution appear to be a threat to all life forms on Earth.

POLLUTION

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An exotic or unnatural species can be any kind of organism that has been introduced to a foreign habitat. This introduction can cause major threats to the native species.

INVASIVE SPECIES

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it refers to the act of over-harvesting species and natural resources at rates faster than they can actually sustain themselves in the wild.

OVEREXPLOITATION

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Major threats to Biodiversity

CLimate change
Habitat loss and degragation
Pollution
Invasive species
Overexploitation

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What Causes Climate Change?

Carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4) and water vapour (H2O)

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The higher the proportion
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the more _____ Is absorbed

radiation

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What Causes Climate Change?

Burining fossil fuels Deforestation Reduction of biodiversity

Rising sea levels are driven by two main processes

Ice melt Thermal expansion

relates to fairness within a society. The idea of _____ is that people should have equal access to wealth, health, opportunities and privileges within a society.

Social Justice

It means looking at the climate crisis from the perspective of social justice. Solutions need to not only curb climate change; they need to protect and empower the most vulnerable groups of people too.

Climate Justice

T or F: The impacts of climate change affect disadvantaged groups of people the most. The effect of climate change on these groups needs to be recognised and addressed.

True

They can make laws and policies that reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions.

Governments

They can change their processes to run more sustainably.

Businesses

is the process of turning an idea into a solution that solves a problem.

Innovation

___ countries (parties) have signed up to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

197

The UNFCCC aims to prevent human activity from causing dangerous levels of climate change.

Remember

Every time the member nations meet in UNFCCC it is called a COP, AKA?

Conference of the Parties.

They look at the current state of the climate and discuss the actions they will take to address climate change.

Conference of the Parties.

nations agreed to act together to restrict global temperature increases to 2°C and begin efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C.

Paris Agreement,

It instructed governments to renew their commitment to lowering their emissions every five years,

The Paris Agreement

Expresses a very tiny amount or size;A unit which means one billionth or 10−9

NANO

1 inch=25,400,000 nanometer A sheet of newspaper= 100,000 nanometers thick

Remember

Study and use of structures between 1-100 nanometers in size

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Refers to the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale.

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Deals with the materials that are very small using specialized microscopes and nanodevices.

NANOSCIENCE

The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

NANOSCIENCE

Why is there so much interest/concern about nanotechnology?

Huge gaps in knowledge concerning the possible risks Enormous potential Difficulty in detecting and removing Absence of regulation

Add atoms together one by one to attain correct property.

BOTTOM-UP

Cut object smaller and smaller until attain size needed.

TOP-DOWN

Methods of Making Nanoparticles

BOTTOM-UP and TOP-DOWN

Applications of Nanotechnology

- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - MEDICINE - HOMELAND SECURITY - FOOD & FOOD SAFETY - ENERGY &TRANSPORTATION - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

_____ is helping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors.

Nanotechnology

Applications of nanotechnology: Radioactive waste cleanup (titanate nanofibers and nanotubes) Oil spill clean up (nanofabric “paper towel” from tiny wires of potassium manganese oxide) Ground water cleanup (iron particles)

ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATIONS

Applications of nanotechnology: Silver nanoparticles has antimicrobial properties Drug delivery (nanobots, molecular scale workers) Gold nanoparticles and nanoflares (detection of cancer cells and gene targets) Regenerative medicine (graphene nanoribbons) – repair damage tissue

MEDICAL FIELD

Applications of nanotechnology: Reduction of pollutants (silver nanoclusters to reduce propylene oxide) Generation of electricity (silicon nanowires in solar cells) Heat-resistant & self-cleaning surfaces like floors and benchtops Silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide for water & stain resistant surfaces

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Applications of nanotechnology: Breeding of crops with higher micronutrients to detect pests & to control food processing Nanoparticles to control soil, water and air contamination

AGRICULTURE

Applications of nanotechnology: Bionanotechnology helps in cleaner production of alternative and renewable energy sources Graphene used as one-layer coating material

PHILIPPINES’ DOST NANOTECH LAB

Dangers of Nanotechnology: Impacts of Nanotechnology to Health:

- Lung Damage - DNA Damage - Cell Damage - Immunosuppression - Nano-bomb - Can cross the blood-brain barrier

Dangers of Nanotechnology: Impacts of Nanotechnology to Environment (Nano-contaminants)

- Mining *fine metal oxide particles - Laundry * Ag NPs, metal oxide NPs - Combustion - Medicine - Battery waste - Auto-traffic

Risk Assessment Problems

Very difficult to detect without sophisticated equipment Difficult to predict how particles will behave in the environment (dispersed/clumped) Potential to adsorb toxic chemicals Persistence : Longevity of particles in the environment and body are unknown

Ethical Dilemmas of Nanotechnology

- Playing God? - Control over personal - information? Risk and Harm: - patients and testing? Values: individual or community?

The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product such as commercial production of foods, vaccines, antibiotics, and vitamins.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

AIMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

- Develop new precision tools and diagnostics - Speed up breeding gains and efficiency - Develop pest-resistant and disease-resistant crops - Combat salinity, drought, and problems of agriculture - Enhance the nutritional value of foods - Increase crop varieties and choices - Reduced inputs and production costs, increased profits

It is an organism whose DNA has been modified in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Also known as transgenic organisms.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Achieved through genetic engineering.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Basic structure of all living organisms.

THE CELL

Human body is made up of?

37.2 trillion cells

contains majority of the genetic material of the cell.

NUCLEUS

The _____ contains the nucleus.

Cell

_____ are located in the nucleus of the cell.

CHROMOSOMES

They are made up of proteins and DNA.

CHROMOSOMES

is a molecule that carries the genetic material of the cell.

DNA

is a sequence of DNA that codes for protein that will determine the trait of an organism.

GENE

What are the steps in basic genetic engineering

1. DNA is cut by restriction enzyme. 2. Recombinant DNA is produced. 3. Gene cloning, many copies of the gene of interest are made each time the host cell reproduce. 4. Cells undergoes selection and then are screened.

is the method of inserting gene or nucleic acid into cells as drug to treat genetic diseases.

Gene therapy

is the utilization of stem cells to treat or prevent disease or a condition.

Stem cell therapy

Transfer of a gene to any cell of the body that does not produce sperm/eggs * The effects of gene therapy will not be passed onto the patient’s offspring

Somatic Gene Therapy

if a required protein is absent or non- functional or defective, a functional gene is inserted to produce the required protein; cystic fibrosis

Gene augmentation therapy-

Transfer of a gene to any cell of the body that produce sperm/eggs * The effects of gene therapy will be passed onto the patient’s offspring

Germline Gene Therapy

if protein products of s defective gene encourages the proliferation of disease-related cells, a new gene is inserted to either block the defective gene or its activity; cancer cell

Gene inhibition therapy-

targets diseased cells by inserting “suicide” gene that produces toxic protein product killing the diseased cell; insertion of protein that will mark the cell for attact by immune system cells;cancer cell

Killing of specific cells-

What are the basoic steps in gene therapy

1. Identification of the affected gene. 2. Cloning of the required gene. 3. Loading the vector with the required gene. 4. Vector injected into the target cell. 5. Vector delivers the gene into the nucleus of the target cell. 6. Delivered gene performs its function.

GSTS: Finals Reviewers Flashcards

(82 cards)