GU Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What is the first line treatment for BPH?
A
Tamsulosin
2
Q
Is the cremasteric reflex present in testicular torsion?
A
No
3
Q
Is the cremasteric reflex present in epididymitis?
A
Yes
4
Q
What is the gold standard investigation for kidney stones?
A
Non-contrast CT of kidneys, ureters and bladder
5
Q
How long after a streptococcal infection does post streptococcal glomerulonephritis develop?
A
2 weeks
6
Q
Give 3 features of nephritic syndrome.
A
Haematuria
Mild proteinuria
Red cell casts in urine
7
Q
What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?
A
IgA nephropathy
8
Q
What are the two first line medications for UTI?
A
Trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin
9
Q
What is the first line treatment of pyelonephritis?
A
Ciprofloxacin/co-amoxiclav
10
Q
Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea?
A
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
11
Q
What is the appearance of neisseria?
A
Gram-negative diplococci
12
Q
What is the first line treatment of gonorrhoea?
A
IM ceftriaxone
13
Q
Name as many causes of AKI as you can.
A
Hypovolaemia Sepsis Acute tubular necrosis Renal stones NSAIDs (nephrotoxic drugs) Glomerulonephritis Vasculitis Urethral stricture BPH
14
Q
What is the gold standard investigation for bladder cancer?
A
Flexible cystoscopy
15
Q
What is the first line management of bladder cancer?
A
TURBT - transurethral resection of bladder tumour
16
Q
What is the second line surgical management of bladder cancer?
A
Radical cystectomy
17
Q
What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?
A
IgA nephropathy
18
Q
Give 4 features of nephrotic syndrome.
A
Hypoalbuminaemia, heavy proteinuria (more than 3.5g/day), hypercholesterolaemia, oedema
19
Q
What is oxybutynin used to treat?
A
Overactive bladder
20
Q
What class of drugs does oxybutynin belong to?
A
Antimuscarinics
21
Q
Give 4 side effects of oxybutynin.
A
Constipation, dry eyes, dry mouth, blurred vision.
22
Q
How does oxybutynin work?
A
Anti muscarinics inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system, which decreased detrusor excitability.
23
Q
What is the gold standard investigation for prostate cancer?
A
Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy
24
Q
Which grading system does prostate cancer use?
A
Gleason grading
25
What two classes of drugs are used to treat BPH?
Alpha blockers
| 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
26
Give an example of a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor.
Sildenafil/viagra
27
What is the mechanism of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors?
Inhibits the formation of dihydrotestosterone from testosterone via the 5-alpha reductase enzyme
28
What is the aetiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
A mutation on chromosome 4 or 16 affecting renal tubule development
29
What condition are berry aneurysms a complication of/
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
30
Which parasite can cause bladder cancer?
Schistosomiasis
31
What is the first line treatment of cystitis?
Trimethoprim
32
What is the triad of symptoms in renal cell carcinoma?
Flank pain
Haematuria
Palpable mass
33
Give 4 functions of the kidney.
Ultrafiltration
Produces EPO
Electrolyte balance
Excretion of waste
34
Give 2 pre-renal causes of AKI.
Hypertension
| Diabetes mellitus
35
Give 2 renal causes of AKI.
Glomerulonephritis
| Polycystic kidney disease
36
Give 2 post-renal causes of AKI.
BPH
| Renal stones
37
What is the definition of erectile dysfunction?
Inability to gain and maintain an erection long enough to achieve sexual satisfaction
38
Give 4 features of nephrotic syndrome.
Hypoalbuminaemia
Hyperlipidaemia
Peripheral oedema
Heavy proteinuria
39
Give 4 causes of nephritic syndrome.
SLE
Goodpasture's syndrome
IgA nephropathy
Post-streptococcal infection
40
Give a non-pharmacological, pharmacological and surgical management of stress incontinence.
Pelvic floor exercises
Duloxetine
Sling/artificial urinary sphincter
41
Which ethnic group are at the highest risk of prostate cancer?
Afro-carribbean
42
Which bacteria causes chlamydia?
Chlamydia trachomatis
43
Which bacteria causes gonorrhoea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
44
What is the first line treatment of syphilis?
Benzanthine penicillin or azithromycin
45
What are the two commonest types of testicular cancer?
Teratoma and seminoma
46
What antigen is raised in testicular cancer?
Alpha feto protein
47
What antigen is raised in ovarian cancer?
CA125
48
What does painless haematuria indicate?
Bladder cancer
49
What is the first line investigation for bladder cancer?
Flexible cystoscopy
50
What is the grading of prostate cancer?
Gleason grading
51
What antigen is seen in Goodpasture's syndrome?
Anti glomerular basement membrane
52
What antigen is seen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
c-ANCA
53
What else can PSA be raised in other than prostate cancer?
UTI, prostatitis, BPH, old age,
54
What type of cancer is fibrin raised in?
Bladder cancer
55
What staging is used for colorectal cancer?
Dukes staging
56
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpasture's syndrome?
Type 2
57
Is goodpasture's nephrotic or nephritic?
Nephritic
58
What is the urine output criteria for the staging of AKI?
Stage 1 - urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour for more than 6 hours
Stage 2 - urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour for more than 12 hours
Stage 3 urine output <0.3ml/kg/hour for more than 24 hours, or no urine output for 12 hours
59
What is the creatinine criteria for the staging of AKI?
Stage 1 - 150-200% increase from baseline
Stage 2 - 200-300% increase from baseline
Stage 3 - >300% increase from baseline
60
In what conditions are ANA antibodies seen in?
SLE
Sjogrens
Scleroderma
61
In what condition are anti-la and anti-ro antibodies seen?
Sjogrens syndrome
62
What patients would be classed as having complicated UTIs?
```
Males
Pregnant women
Elderly people
Children
Recurrent UTIs
```
63
What is the first line treatment for chlamydia trachomitis?
Azithromycin or doxycycline
64
What is the first line treatment for neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Azithromycin with ceftriaxone (IM)
65
What does a testicular seminoma secrete?
ALP
66
What does a testicular choriocarcinoma secrete?
bHCG
67
What does a testicular endodermal yolk sac tumour secrete?
Alpha fetoprotein
68
What type of stones are radiolucent?
Uric acid stones
69
What type of stones are radiopaque?
Magnesium and calcium stones
70
Give an example of a prognostic treatment of prostate cancer.
Finasteride
71
What class of drug is finasteride?
5-alpha reductase inhibitor
72
What is the action of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors?
Inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
73
What drug can be given for symptomatic control in prostate cancer?
Tamsulosin
74
Under what age is a UTI complicated in infants?
2 months
75
Give 4 examples of groups in which UTIs are complicated.
Under 2 months old
Pregnant
Males
Catheterised patients
76
What is the main artery involved in erectile function?
Internal pudendal artery
77
What enzyme is secreted from the kidneys in response to hypovolaemia or hypotension?
Renin
78
Who does Turner's syndrome affect?
Females only
79
What is Turner's syndrome?
One of the X chromosomes is missing
80
What are the symptoms of Turner's syndrome?
Short stature and primary amenorrhoea
81
What is the inheritance pattern of Kallmann's syndrome?
X-linked recessive
82
Who does Kallmann's syndrome primarily affect?
Males
83
What are the symptoms of Kallmann's syndrome?
Delayed puberty, poor or no sense of smell
84
What type of brain tumour is bHCg elevated in?
Germinoma
85
Why does tamsulosin cause postural hypotension?
Dilation of venous capacitance vessels
86
Give three risk factors for UTI.
Female
Diabetes
Post-menopausal
87
What is the first line investigation for a UTI?
Urine dipstick
88
Where are urinary tract stones likely to get stuck?
Uretopelvic junction, ureteric crossing of iliac vessels, ureterovesical junction
89
What radiological intervention can be used to treat renal tract stones?
Ultrasound shock wave therapy
90
What is the first line management of suspected testicular torsion?
Surgical exploration and untwisting (don't delay surgery)
91
What is classed as early menopause?
Before 45
92
How is goodpasture's syndrome treated?
Immunosuppression - corticosteroids
93
What is the first line investigation of renal cell carcinoma?
CT urogram (CT KUB with IV contrast)
94
What is the creatinine criteria for diagnosing AKI?
A rise of more than 26 micromol/L in 48 hours
| A rise of more than 50% in the last 7 days
95
What is the first line for an uncomplicated UTI due to E. coli?
Oral nitrofurantoin for 3 days
96
How long is treatment for a complicated UTI?
7 days
97
What is the first line treatment of chlamydia?
Oral doxycycline 100mg twice daily for 7 days
98
What differentiates hydrocele/varicocele from testicular cancer?
Varicocele/hydrocele are both soft and moveable, whereas testicular cancer is hard and does not move
99
What is the secondary differential for UTI?
Cystitis
100
Give 3 risk factors for UTI.
Female
Post-menopausal
Diabetes
101
What is the gold standard investigation for UTI?
Urine dipstick
102
What is the gold standard investigation for pyelonephritis?
Midstream urine culture and sensitivity
103
Give 4 symptoms of renal stones.
Renal colic - loin to groin pain
UTI symptoms
Haematuria
Recurrent UTIs
104
What is the most common presentation of testicular cancer?
Painless lump
105
How is a testicular tumour differentiated from other lumps?
Does not transilluminate
Hard and craggy
Testicular cancer cannot be palpated above
106
What is the first line treatment of erectile dysfunction?
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
107
Give 4 conditions associated with erectile dysfunction.
Diabetes
Trauma
Cardiovascular disease
Alcohol and liver disease
108
What is the most commonly diagnosed STI?
Chlamydia
109
How is chlamydia tested for?
Vaginal swab or first stream urine sample
110
What is the treatment of chlamydia?
7 day course of doxycycline
111
Define UTI.
The presence of bacteria in the urine, combined with presence of clinical features
112
Who can have an uncomplicated UTI?
Non-pregnant female
113
What is the triad of symptoms seen in pyelonephritis?
Loin pain, fever, pyuria
