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Applied Anatomic Pathology > GU/Kidney > Flashcards

GU/Kidney Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the most common cause for a cystectomy

A

muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma

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2
Q

a male radical cystectomy can be oriented anterior/posterior using what primary structure

A

peritoneal reflection - it is much shinier on the posterior aspect

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3
Q

relevant clinical history (pre-work) to identify before grossing a cystectomy include what three things

A

indication for surgery
location of tumor
preoperative treatments

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4
Q

what three measurements should be taken of a prostate attached to a cystectomy specimen

A

left to right
anterior to posterior
apex to bladder neck

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5
Q

what are the three measurements that should be taken of the bladder in a cystectomy case

A

bladder neck to dome
left to right
anterior to posterior

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6
Q

what are the three extra measurements that should be taken in a male cystectomy specimen

A

L/R vas deferens
L/R seminal vesicles (3 dimensions)
L/R ureters

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7
Q

what are the two most important margins to take on a male cystectomy

A

L/R ureteral margins
distal urethral margin

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8
Q

the bladder should be opened _____ from distal urethral margin through dome

A

anterior

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9
Q

if no lesions are identified, where should you take sections in a cystectomy specimen

A

dome
trigone
anterior wall
posterior wall
L/R lateral walls
ureteral orifices

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10
Q

if a lesion is identified, where should you take sections in a cystectomy specimen

A

representative sections of mass (1/cm)
tumor to normal
tumor to prostate or ureteral orifices
tumor with deepest invasion
tumor to margin

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11
Q

after sectioning the bladder, you identify an area of wall thinning, what might this represent

A

scaring from a prior transurethral resection site

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12
Q

what is the CPT code adrenal glands

A

88307

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13
Q

what is Conn syndrome

A

excessive cortisol production by the adrenal cortex

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14
Q

sprionolactone bodies are seen in which condition

A

adrenal cortical adenoma

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15
Q

which kidney lesion is variegated and poorly demarcated with necrosis, hemorrhage, and cystic change

A

adrenal cortical carcinoma

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16
Q

what is waterhouse-friderichson syndrome

A

bacterial infection of the adrenals causes major adrenal insufficiency which leads to hypertension

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17
Q

what is a myelolipoma (incidentaloma)

A

adrenal tumor with mature adipose tissue and normal bone marrow elements

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18
Q

what is another name for a myelolipoma

A

incidentaloma

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19
Q

what is the difference in gross appearance of a small and large adrenal pheochromocytoma

A

small: yellow-tan
large: hemorrhage, necrosis, and cystic

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20
Q

how should you process an adrenal specimen

A

weight with fat before fixing
measure
ink surface
serially section along short axis

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21
Q

what is the normal weight of an adult adrenal gland

A

7-10 grams

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22
Q

what is the critical size for an adrenal tumor

A

<5 cm - pT1
>5 cm - pT2

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23
Q

you would see a blunted calyx in which condition of the kidney

A

chronic pyelonephritis

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24
Q

most renal calculi are made of what

A

calcium oxalate

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25
what are the two benign, neoplastic conditions of the kidney
angiomyolipoma oncocytoma
26
what are the 5 variants of renal cell carcinoma
clear cell papillary chromophobe Xp11 translocation collecting duct
27
what is the most common variant of renal cell carcinoma
clear cell
28
what is the most common primary renal tumor of childhood
Wilms tumor
29
how should you process a kidney
weigh with fat note presence or absence of adrenal gland and measure if attached quantify fat and presence of Gerota's fascia measure ureter evaluate renal vein for tumor or thrombus take shave margins bivalve
30
define ipsilateral
same side
31
define contralateral
opposite side
32
a kidney tumor >7 cm is staged as what
pT2 and up
33
a kidney tumor that invades the renal vein is staged as what
pT3a - regardless of tumor size
34
a kidney tumor that invades into Gerota's fascia is staged as what
pT4
35
what's important to note about kidney staging
if there is metastasis, it is staged differently so it is important to note whether you have one great lesion or two separate ones
36
what is important to note about the fat surrounding the ureter
you should never strip it if you received it with a ureter specimen as it is important for staging (invasion)
37
what is the CPT code for a ureter
88307
38
what is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in infants and children
ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
39
tumor invasion into the periureteric fat stages a ureter to what
pT3
40
what is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer
smoking
41
what are the four main morphologic patterns of bladder tumors
papilloma invasive papillary carcinoma flat non-invasive carcinoma (CIS) flat invasive carcinoma
42
what is the CPT code for a bladder specimen
88309
43
how should you open a bladder
anteriorly along the dome
44
what is the key concept for bladder staging
invasion - important to give full thickness section
45
how can you orient the prostate
posterior aspect is flatter, anterior aspect is more rounded
46
what is the verumontanum
the rounded portion around the urethra in the prostate
47
what is the adenexa
term used for the seminal vesicles and vas deferens
48
what is the normal weight of a prostate
15-40 grams
49
what is the normal weight of a prostate with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
60-100 grams
50
what is a simple prostatectomy
large chunks of the prostate are removed in the case of benign prostatic hyperplasia weigh, measure in aggregate, and do not ink because there is no capsule
51
how does PSA relate to prostate cancer
PSA is a protein produced by normal and malignant cells of the prostate elevated levels can indicate cancer
52
what is is important to know about the Gleason scoring system
prostate staging the higher the number, the higher the grade and worse the cancer is
53
what is considered the base of the prostate
area in contact with the bladder
54
what does a smooth and glistening aspect of the prostate represent
capsule - important to note as it's a pertinent negative
55
what are corpora amylacea
amyloid bodies found in the damaged prostate - note and removed before submitting section
56
what is the most important concept of prostate staging
extension beyond capsule
57
what is the outermost layer of the testicle
tunica vaginalis
58
what is the most common type of tumor in 15-45 year old males
germ cell tumors of the testicle
59
what is the most common type of germ cell tumor
seminoma
60
what is the most common testicular tumor in infants/children up to 3 years of age
yolk sac tumor
61
what is the gross appearance of a seminoma
homogeneous, gray white lobulate surface
62
what is the gross appearance of an embryonal carcinoma
variegated with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
63
what is the gross appearance of a yolk sac tumor
yellow tan with focal myxoid/gelatinous areas with focal hemorrhage
64
what is the gross appearance of choriocarcinoma
soft and friable mass with hemorrhage and necrosis
65
what is the gross appearance of a leydig cell tumor
yellow-green lobules separated by fibrous bands
66
what is the gross appearance of a Sertoli cell tumor
small well circumscribed white homogenous nodule
67
what is important to note about the inside of a testicle while grossing
does it string with ease
68
what is the most important factor of testicle staging
size (3 cm), location, and distance to margins
69
what are the most common types of penile neoplasms
HPV and non-HPV related squamous cell carcinoma
70
how should you open a penile specimen
along the urethra from proximal to distal glans
71
what is the most important factor of penile staging
invasion into parenchyma
72
what is the CPT code for a testicle with tumor
88309
73
what is the CPT code for a penile specimen
88309

Applied Anatomic Pathology (17 decks)

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