Gut Function (I)

Question 1

What does motility mean

Answer 1

Mechanical breakdown of food

Question 2

What is peristalsis

Answer 2

Controlled movement after motility

Question 3

If motility is mechanical breakdown, what is digestion

Answer 3

Chemical breakdown eg via enzymes

Question 4

Which area does no absorption take place

Answer 4

Oral cavity

Question 5

What secretions are there by oral cavity

Answer 5

Saliva and lipase

Question 6

What gets digested in oral cavity

Answer 6

Carbs and fats

Question 7

What motility properties does stomach have

Answer 7

Propulsion and then peristalsis

Question 8

What gets digested in stomach

Answer 8

Proteins and fats

Question 9

What are the only things which get absorbed in stomach

Answer 9

Lipid soluble eg alcohol

Question 10

How is gut regulated (3 ways)

Answer 10

Neural (ANS via vagus and enteric nervous system)

Hormonal

Local eg histamine paracrine

Question 11

Name the 3 stages of regulation

Answer 11

Cephalic - sense, taste and sight of food

Gastric - stomach

Intestinal - intestines

Question 12

Which digestive enzymes/proteins are there in saliva

Answer 12

Amylase for starch

R proteins (bind vitamin B12)

Question 13

Which 2 things are in saliva for anti bacterial protection

Answer 13

Lysozymes and IG

Question 14

What are the 3 salivary glands releasing saliva with secretions

Answer 14

Parotid

Sublingual and submandibular

Minor glands

Question 15

What do parotid glands secrete

Answer 15

Amylase and serous in saliva

Question 16

What do sublingual and submandibular secrete

Answer 16

Serous and mucous

Question 17

Which 2 antibacterial GP do minor glands secrete

Answer 17

Mucins 5B and 7

Question 18

Which cells secrete the primary secretion from salivary glands containing NA,K,CL,HCO

Answer 18

Epithelial acinar cells (from acinus)

Question 19

What tonic position does primary secretion from acinar cells have

Answer 19

Isotonic

Question 20

Which cells allow for secretion to become hypotonic (impermeable to water) and how

Answer 20

Duct cells

They reabsorb Cl and Na

More HCO and K is secreted in

Question 21

Which 2 CN in the PNS system cause increase saliva release

Answer 21

VII (facial) and IX (glosso)

Question 22

What is SNS saliva containing even if small saliva vol

Answer 22

Enzymes and mucous

Question 23

What is gastric emptying called

Answer 23

Chyme

Question 24

Which part of stomach is bacteriocidal

Answer 24

Pepsin

Question 25

What are the 2 sphincter muscles on stomach

Answer 25

Cardiac sphincter (top) Pyloric sphincter (bottom)

Question 26

What is the middle part of stomach called compared to bottom of it

Answer 26

Body Bottom part is antrum

Question 27

What increases sa of stomach

Answer 27

Rugae : Folding in epithelium

Question 28

Which 2 parts of stomach attach to enteric nervous system for control

Answer 28

Myenteric and submucosal plexus

Question 29

What covers the epithelium for protection from acid

Answer 29

Mucus and HCO

Question 30

What are folds in epithelium called

Answer 30

Gastric pits

Question 31

Which cells in the epithelium mucosa / gastric pits causes protection from acid and how

Answer 31

Mucous neck cells and surface cells They release HCO and mucous layer for protection

Question 32

What is mucous release by mucous neck cells and surface upregulated by

Answer 32

Irritants

Question 33

Which cells release HCL gastric acid and intrinsic factor

Answer 33

Parietal cells

Question 34

When do parietal cells release gastric acid and intrinsic factor

Answer 34

Gastrin released from G cells Histamine from ECL cells (up regulates H/K pump) Ach release via vagus and enteric neurones

Question 35

What does gastric acid secrete

Answer 35

Pepsin which is bacteriocidal and breaks down proteins

Question 36

What is intrinsic factor for

Answer 36

Complexes with B12 for absorption

Question 37

Where in the stomach are ECL cells which release histamine for gastric acid secretion

Answer 37

Body

Question 38

Which cells produce pepsin directly from pepsinogen and secrete gastric lipase for protein and fat digestion

Answer 38

Chief cells/ peptic cells

Question 39

Which 2 things stimulates chief cells

Answer 39

Ach Secretin Gastric acid from parietal cells

Question 40

Which substance from D cells inhibits gastric acid secretion NF via inhibiting ECL cells

Answer 40

Somatostatin

Question 41

Other than ECL and Ach from vagus what allows gastric acid secretion from parietal cells

Answer 41

G cells release of gastrin

Question 42

How does gastrin effect ECL cells

Answer 42

Stimulated them to release histamine which then allows HCL release

Question 43

When is gastrin secreted

Answer 43

Presence of AA and peptides and ach

Question 44

Where in the stomach do parietal cells secrete HCL

Answer 44

Body

Question 45

Which substance from breakdown of carbonic acid allows Cl to pass through parietal cells to apical side to be secreted

Answer 45

HCO | HCO / Cl exchanger on baso lateral side

Question 46

What system allows H to be pumped out alongside a Cl channel on apical side (from the HCO/Cl exchanger)

Answer 46

H/K ATPase Stimulated via histamine ECL release

Question 47

Which cells do ach down vagus stimulate

Answer 47

G cells, ECL cells, parietal cells (all for gastric acid release)

Question 48

Which cells are inhibited via ach down vagus

Answer 48

D cells which secrete somatostatin to reduce acid via inhibiting ECL