Respiratory Physiology 1

Question 1

What is the name for the process of exchange between atmosphere down to the pulmonary circulation

Answer 1

External respiration

Question 2

Why is ventilation different to external respiration

Answer 2

Ventilation is only movement down the conducting systems rather than the exchange into the circulation

ER includes both and exchange

Question 3

What is internal respiration

Answer 3

Exchange of gas from the blood to the tissues via the capillary beds

Gas exchanged from respiring tissues back to the heart via vein (co2)

Question 4

How is the left lobe different to right lobe

Answer 4

Right lobe has 3 sections

Superior , middle and inferior

Left has 2

Superior and inferior

Question 5

What is the space called at the left lung where heart lays

Answer 5

Cardiac notch

Question 6

What are the conducting systems

Answer 6

Area where sir in carried down from atmosphere

Question 7

What is the upper respiratory conducting system

Answer 7

Nasal and oral cavity

Pharynx and larynx

Question 8

What 3 things happen to the air at the pharynx and nasal cavity

Answer 8

Warming, humidifying and filtering debris

Question 9

As well as warming and filtering what does the pharynx do

Answer 9

Prevents food going into nasal cavity

Question 10

What is the larynx for

Answer 10

Prevents food and water going into respiratory tract

Question 11

What does the lower respiratory tract in the conducting system consist of

Answer 11

Trachea

Primary bronchi 
Secondary 
Tertiary 
Bronchioles 
Alveoli

Question 12

What is the importance of the branching of bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 12

Large SA/ cross sectional area for better exchange

Question 13

Which 3 areas have ciliated epithelial cells

Answer 13

Larynx trachea and bronchi

Question 14

Which cells produce mucus at the larynx bronchi and trachea

Answer 14

Goblet cells

Question 15

Which substance is produced by ciliated epithelial cells to make mucus less viscous for removal

Answer 15

Saline

Question 16

What is the removal of mucus via cilia called

Answer 16

Mucociliary escalator system

Question 17

Why can’t saline be produced in peiple with CF

Answer 17

Their CFTR protein mutation

can’t transport Cl/ na and water out of the epithelial cell to produce saline

Mucus gets stuck

Question 18

What is the trachea supported by

Answer 18

C ring cartilage

Question 19

Why is c ring cartilage important in trachea

Answer 19

Makes it flexible for ventilation

Question 20

What is the posterior of trachea made of and why is it important

Answer 20

Elastic and smooth muscle for expansion for oesophageal swallowing

Question 21

How is cartilage in bronchi different

Answer 21

Full rings

Question 22

Name 3 structural differences for bronchioles

Answer 22

NO cartilage

No ciliated epithelial cells

Much more smooth muscle

Question 23

What is the area called where alveoli exchange occurs

Answer 23

Respiratory zone

Question 24

Which artery brings deox blood to the respiratory zone where it branches into capillaries around alveoli

Answer 24

Pulmonary artery

Question 25

What does bronchioles branch off into at the respiratory zone

Answer 25

2+ alveolar ducts / clumps

Question 26

What surrounds the alveoli

Answer 26

Elastic fibres

Question 27

Which cells line the alveoli one cell thick

Answer 27

Type 1 and 2 alveolar epithelial cells

Question 28

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 28

Type 1- thin and small for exchange of gases Type 2- thicker but smaller

Question 29

What do type 2 cells produce

Answer 29

Surfactant

Question 30

What in alveoli allows removal of pathogens

Answer 30

Macrophages

Question 31

What allows reduction of diffusion pathway between type 1 and endothelial cells of capillaries

Answer 31

Fusion between the basement membrane of type 1 and the endothelial cells

Question 32

Why is inspiration an active process

Answer 32

Include contraction of both external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase volume

Question 33

What are the 3 pressures involved in ventilation

Answer 33

Atmospheric Intrapulmonary Intrapleural

Question 34

What is intrapulmonary pressure and what happens to it in respect to ventilation

Answer 34

Pressure inside alveoli / lungs | This increases when the volume decreases in expiration Exceeds atmospheric pressure

Question 35

What is intrapleural pressure

Answer 35

Pressure within the pleural cavity (also increases with expiration but decreases with inspiration)

Question 36

When does intrapulmonary pressure reach equilibrium with atmospheric

Answer 36

Between breaths

Question 37

What is the pleural cavity

Answer 37

Membrane surrounding the lungs filled with fluid

Question 38

What is the importance of the pleural cavity

Answer 38

Allows holding or moving past of chest wall and lung

Question 39

Is intrapleural pressure always smaller than atmospheric

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

What is elastic recoil

Answer 40

Ability of chest wall to recoil | Ability of the lung to recoil

Question 41

In inspiration what happens regarding the pleural cavity and pressure

Answer 41

The chest wall pushes from the lungs which causes lowered intrapleural pressure Lungs can inflate as atmospheric pressure exceeds intrapulmonary and intra pleural

Question 42

Why does pleural pressure increase in expiration

Answer 42

The recoiling of the chest wall back to pushing the lungs inwards Cause increase exceeding atmospheric pressure This causes exhalation