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MED310B > gut motility > Flashcards

gut motility Flashcards

1
Q

what does digestion and absorption depend on

A

motility

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2
Q

chewing

A

mouth and salivary glands

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3
Q

swallowing and persitalsis

A

pharynx and esophagus

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4
Q

gastric mixing and gastric emptying

A

stomach

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5
Q

segmentation; migrating motility complex

A

small intestine

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6
Q

haustral contractions; mass movements

A

large intestine

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7
Q

how is digestion regulated

A

4 ways-

autonomous smooth muscle function (slow waves)
intrinsic nerve plexus
extrinsic nerve innernation
gastrointestinal hormones

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8
Q

rate of propulsion

A

different in various regions

food rapidly transits down the esophagus but is moved very slowly through the small intestine

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9
Q

mucosa

A

muscularis smooth muscle contracts it

  • longitudinal muscle fibres run parallel to the tracts long axis
    -circular muscle fibres run around the tracts circumference
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10
Q

smooth muscle stimulation results in what

A

contraction of the alimentary canal which propels the food forward in constant motion

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11
Q

what is GI motility impacted by

A

eletrical stimulation of muscularis smooth muscle by myentric plexus as well as extrinsic nerve innervation and gastrointestinal hormones

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12
Q

what is the myentric plexus a part of

A

the enteric nervous system

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13
Q

slow waves

A

slow spontaneous rhythmic changes in resting membrane potential of inner circular smooth muscle

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14
Q

what do slow waves conduct to

A

circular smooth muscle cells and cause phasic contractions

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15
Q

what slow waves cause muscle contraction

A

slow waves with action potential

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16
Q

BER

A

basic electrical rhythm

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17
Q

what are BER

A

constant regularly spaced circular muscle slow waves

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18
Q

frequency of slow waves

A

varies from region to region along the length of the tract

neural activity and hormonal signals can affect slow wave amplitude and trigger action potentials

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19
Q

digestion in the mouth

A

teeth and tongue begin mechanical digestion and salivary glands begin chemical digestion

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20
Q

function of lips and cheeks

A

confine food between teeth and allow for even chewing during mastication

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21
Q

function of salivary glands

A

secerete saliva so moisten and lubricate mouth and pharynx
moisten and soften and dissolve food
clean the mouth and teeth
salivary amylase breaks down starch

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22
Q

function of the tongue muscles

A

move tongue sideways and in an out to manipulate food for chewing and shape food into bolus and manipulate food for swallowing

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23
Q

functino of taste buds

A

sense food in mouth and sense taste

nerve impulses from taste buds are conducted to salivary nuclei in the brain stem and then to salivary glands stimulating saliva secretion

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24
Q

lingual glands

A

secrete lingual lipase
this is activated in the stomach
break down triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides

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25
Q

function of teeth

A

shred and crush food
break down solid food into smaller particles for deglutition

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26
Q

the pharynx

A

short tube of skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane

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27
Q

nasopharynx

A

involved only in breathing and speeech

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28
Q

what is used for breathing and digestion

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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29
Q

esophagus

A

thin walled and pliant muscular tube which conducts food from pharynx to the stomach

30
Q

what kind of muscle is in the esophagus

A

both skeletal and smooth

skeletal in the upper third and smooth in the lower two thirds

31
Q

what spinchter is the gastroesophageal sphincter

A

the cardiac or the lower esophogeal sphincter

32
Q

steps of the swallowing reflex

A
  1. voluntary/ buccal phase
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. esophageal phase
33
Q

voluntary phase of swallowing

A

chewing transforms food into a bolus and the tongue propels the bolus into the pharynx

mechanoreceptors initiate the swallowing reflex- a series of contractions coordinated by the swallowing centre in the medulla

34
Q

what happens in the orthopharangeal phase of swallowing

A

bolus presses downward on the epiglottis covering the glottis and preventing bolus from entering the larynx and the trachea

uvula elevates and lodges against the back of the throat sealing off the nasal passages

reflex mechanisms supress breathing motions

upper esophogeal sphincter relaxes allowing bolus entry into the esophogus

35
Q

what happens in the esophogeal phase of swallowing

A

entry of bolus into esophagus stimulates stretch receptors triggering persitalsis

the persitalic wave propels the bolus towards the stomach

36
Q

persitalsis

A

a series of wave like muscle contractions that propel the food bolys/chyme along the digestive tract

37
Q

what causes persitalsis

A

coordinated activity between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers in adjoining segments of the GI tract

38
Q

primary peristalsis

A

swallowing induced persitalsis

39
Q

what happens if the bolus gets stuck

A

stretch receptors cause secondary persitalsis which forces the bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach

40
Q

what is heartburn

A

when the lower esophageal sphincter does not remain closed and the contents of the stomach are expelled up the esophagus (regurtiation)

repeated over time the mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus may erode causing pain and impaired swalllowing

41
Q

where does most chemical digestion begin

A

in the stomach

42
Q

what happns to food in the stomach

A

smooth muscle contractions pulverize food into smaller particles and mixes it with gastric juices forming chyme

43
Q

fundus

A

wall in the stomach and is thin and easily expands

44
Q

rugae

A

in the body of the stomach and flatter as the stomach expands

45
Q

antrum

A

thickest muscle layer and produces strong contractions responsible for gastric mixing and emptying

46
Q

main function of the stomach

A

to store ingested food until it can be emptied into the small intestine at an approperiate rate

47
Q

vagovagal reflex

A

receptive relaxation

48
Q

what is receptive relaxation

A

stomach relaxes in response to swallowing
sensory info about entry of food is transmited to brain via vagus nerve

49
Q

gastric mixing

A

contractile activity of stomach smooth muscle pulverizes food into smaller particles and mixes it with gastric juice forming chyme

50
Q

gastric emptying

A

contractions of the antrum propel chyme from stomach into small intestine

rhythmic mixing waves force small amounds of chyme through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum

51
Q

when are the contents of the stomach completely emptied into duodenum

A

within 2-4 hours after eating a meal

52
Q

mixing wave

A

unique type of peristalsis that mixes and softens food with gastric juices to create chyme

they become more and more intense as they reach the pylorus

53
Q

vomiting reflex

A

coordinated by a region in the medulla called vomiting centre

abdominal muscles contract strongly causing abdominal wall to move inward as deep inspirations move diaphragm downward which riases abdominal pressure and squeeezes the stomach

lower esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing stomach contents to enter the esophagus

strong abdominal contractions push the material through the upper esophogeal sphincter and out through the mouth

54
Q

purpose of segmentation

A

mixes the chyme in the small intestine and slowly propels it forward

55
Q

what do mimixing moveemnts do

A

promote digestions by mixing food with digestive juieces

facilitate absorption by exposure to surfaces of the digestive tract

56
Q

what happnes during intestinal phase control

A

intestine distention triggers contractions that propel the intestine contents onward

57
Q

what happens during gastric phase control

A

hormone gastrin stimulates motility in the ileum and promotes relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter to increase the rate at whcih these contents move into large intestine

58
Q

what happens when the somach is empty

A

persitaltic migrating motility complexes sweep the intestine clean of its contents

59
Q

what triggers migrating motility complexes

A

the hormone motilin which targets gastric and instestinal smooth muscle

60
Q

what inhibits motilin

A

eating food

61
Q

what are the specialized reflexes in the small intestine

A

instesine instestinal reflex

ileogastric reflex

gastroileal reflex

62
Q

intestine intestinal reflex

A

severe distention or injury to any portion of the small intestine inhibits contractile activity thorughout the rest of the intestine

this protects the injured part from further stretching and additional injury

63
Q

ileogastric reflex

A

distention of the ileum cuases inhibition of gastric motility which decreases the rate at which chyme enters the duodenum

64
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

presence of chyme in the stomach triggers increased motility in the ileum

65
Q

haustration

A

very slow segmentaion where segments (haustra) are delineated by permament folds in the intestinal wall

66
Q

haustration speed

A

significantly slower than segmentation- about 2 contractions per hour

67
Q

mass movements

A

3-4x per day
GMC- giant migrating contractioons of the colon

like a persitaltic wave except that a portin of the intestine contrcats for a longer time before relaxing
propel the luminal contents forward rapidly and sweep the colon clean

68
Q

colonocolonic reflex

A

distention of one part of the colon induces relazatino of the other parts

69
Q

gastrocolonic reflex

A

presence of a meal in the stomach triggers an increase in colonic motility and an increase in the frequency of mass movements

70
Q

what triggers the defacatino reflex

A

distention of the rectum from the colon which initiates

1, SM contraction in wall of rectum. further inc in pressure by persitaltic contrcations of the sigmoid colon that propel fecal matter into rectum

2, interal anal sphincter relaxes while the external anal sphincter contracts preventing material from exiting the body

3, external anal sphincter relaxes allowing defacation to proceed when pressure in rectum reaches a certain level

MED310B (11 decks)

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