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Embryology Unit 1 > H/E Lecture 7 > Flashcards

H/E Lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

When does gastrulation begin?

A

By day 15

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2
Q

What is FGF8?

A

Expression at primitive streak controls cell migration.

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3
Q

What is Nodal?

A

Expression at the primitive node initiates and maintains the primitive streak.

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4
Q

What three layers does the Epiblast differentiate into?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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5
Q

What is the fate of the ectoderm?

A

Becomes central nervous system, periphera nervous system, epidermis, connective tissues of the head.

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6
Q

What is the fate of the mesoderm?

A

muscle tissues,
connective tissues of the body and limbs,
vessels, viscera

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7
Q

What is the fate of the endoderm?

A

epithelium of GI tract, respiratory system, and urinary bladder

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8
Q

What drives mesoderm differentiation?

A

BMP4 concentration gradient, higher laterally and lower medially

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9
Q

What does the mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Paraxial mesoderm (Somites), intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm (parietal and visceral layers)

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10
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm become?

A

somitomeres (near the head) form skeletal muscle of the head

Somites on side of notochord and neural tube form axial skeleton and skeletal muscles

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11
Q

What does retinoic acid do?

A

Promotes Hox expression

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12
Q

What does Hox expression do?

A

Hox expression drives somite formation

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13
Q

Where does all skeletal muscle derive from?

A

All skeletal muscle of the head and body derive from somitomeres and somites.

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14
Q

When doe somite differentiation occur?

A

Same time as neurulation in ectomderm.

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15
Q

What three structures from from somite mesenchyme?

A

sclerotome
dermatome
myotome

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16
Q

Which mesenchyme becomes the axial skeleton?

A

Sclerotome

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17
Q

Which mesenchyme becomes the dermis?

A

Dermatome

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18
Q

Which mesenchyme becomes skeletal muscle?

A

Myotome

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19
Q

What induces differentiation of the anterior neural tube and what will be its function?

A

The anterior (bottom) neural tube is induced by SHH and becomes differentiated for motor functions.

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20
Q

What induces posterior neural tube and what functions come from here?

A

BMP4 induces the posterior neural tube for sensory functions.

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21
Q

Where does BMP4 come from?

A

The surface ectoderm and laterally in the mesoderm.

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22
Q

Where does sonic hedgehog come from?

A

The notochord

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23
Q

What induces sclerotome development?

A

SHH and Noggin expression from the notochord and base of neural tube.

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24
Q

What induces dermatome development and where does it come from?

A

NT-3 which comes from the top of the neural tube.

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25
What induces myotome development?
WNT, which comes from top of neural tube.
26
Where does PAX 1 come from?
Sclerotome
27
Where does PAX 3 come from?
Dermatome
28
Where does MyoD or Myf5 come from?
Myotome
29
What does the myotome differentiate into?
hypaxial division | epaxial division
30
Which division of myotome becomes the body wall and limb muscles?
The hypaxial division.
31
Which myotome division becomes the intrinsic back muscles?
epaxial division
32
By what time have myotome divisions happened?
by 5 weeks
33
What is ossification?
Bone formation
34
When does ossification begin?
by 7 weeks
35
How long can primary ossification centers be active?
Until age 6
36
How long can secondary ossification centers be active?
Until around 25 years of age.
37
What is the name for the formation of cartilage?
Chondrification
38
What are intervertebral discs formed from?
notochord and mesenchyme of somites
39
What forms the nucleus pulposus?
This is the center of the spine. It comes from the notochord.
40
What forms the anulus fibrosus?
This is the layer around the center of the spinal column. It comes from mesenchyme.
41
What forms the actual vertebrae of the spine?
Through resegmentation, sclerotome from adjacent somites combine to from the vertebrae.
42
Where do intersegmental arteries come from and where do they end up?
They come from visceral mesoderm. | They are originally located between somites but end up mid-vertebrae.
43
When is the vertebral column developing?
around 5-6 weeks
44
Where do spinal nerves come from?
These are outgrowths of the neural tube. They are initially mid-somite, but finish between vertebrae.
45
What is the end fate of the myotomes around the spine?
These come from paraxial mesoderm. They start inside the somites and finish by spanning vertebrae and allow movement of the spine.
46
Where do ribs come from?
Bony part from sclerotome portion of paraxial mesoderm. | Cartilaginous portion from sclerotome that migrated.
47
Where does the sternum come from?
Derived from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm.
48
What do Hox genes affect?
Expression of these genes affects the development of vertebrae and ribs.
49
When does spina bifida occur in relation to spine formation?
When one or more vertebral arches fails to form or fuse.
50
What is spina bifida occulta?
No herniation of meninges or spinal cord.
51
What supplement can help prevent spina bifida?
Folic acid
52
What is rachischisis?
Severe caudal failure of neuropores to close.
53
What are the major events in weeks 2,3,4?
2: implantation complete, bilaminar disc 3: Gastrulation, neurulation 4: folding
54
What is happening during week 5?
Formation of spine and vertebrae.
55
What is going on in week 6?
Chondrification centers form.
56
What is happening during week 8?
Primary ossification centers are developing in spine.
57
What does the epiblast differentiate into?
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
58
What does ectoderm differentiate into?
Surface ectoderm | Neuroectoderm
59
What does mesoderm differentiate into?
Lateral plate, Paraxial Intermediate mesoderms
60
What does the lateral plate differentiate into?
Visceral and Parietal mesoderm.
61
What does paraxial mesoderm differentiate into?
Myotome, Sclerotome, Dermatome
62
What does Myotome differentiate into?
hypaxial | epaxial
63
What is spondylolisthesis?
Dislocation between adjacent vertebrae after spondylolysis or fracture of pars interarticularis.

Embryology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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