H&N Flashcards
1
Q
location of right common carotid
A
behind right SC joint
2
Q
common carotids bifurcate at
A
c4
3
Q
carotid massage purpose
A
can alleviate supraventricular tachycardia
4
Q
where and what is carotid body. innervation
A
CN IX innervation. O2. outside at carotid bifurcation
5
Q
where ICC enter skull
A
carotid canal
6
Q
branches of external carotid
A
SALFOPMS
superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, post auricular, maxillary, superior tempora
7
Q
parotid vasculatur
A
artery - maxillary and superior temporal
vein - retromandibular vein
8
Q
what foramen does vertebral arteries go through
A
c1-6
9
Q
whats in carotid triangle and its borders
A
borders - digasrtic, SCM, omohyoid
inside - larynx, pharynx, thyroid, cervical plexus, vagus and hypoglossal
10
Q
layers of scalp
A
skin, loose ct, aponeurosis, loose CT with vessels, periosteum
11
Q
blood supply of scalp
A
occipital, superior temporal, posterior auricular from ECA, supratrochlear and supraorbital from ICA. all anastamose
12
Q
dura and skull blood supply
A
MMA
13
Q
cavernous sinus location and contents
A
above pterygoid plexus
contains ICA and abducens. In lateral wall CN3, 4, 5a, 5b
14
Q
position of IJV and EJV in neck
A
IJV goes under SCM. EJV goes on top
15
Q
where does thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct enter veins
A
thoracic duct - left IJV and left subclavian junction
16
Q
innervations of extraocular muscles
A
LR6SO4R3
17
Q
innervation of LPS and constrictor pupillae of eye
A
LPS - somatic
constrictor - PS ciliary ganglion from edinger westphal nucleus
18
Q
CN3 palsy
A
down and out, dilated pupils, ptosis
19
Q
CN4 palsy
A
diplopia on looking down and in
20
Q
CN 6 damage how?
A
increaes ICP
21
Q
motor innervation of CN V c
A
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoids, digastric - mastication muscles
22
Q
innervation of CNVb
A
upper lip, mucosa of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, palate
23
Q
innervation of CNVc sensory
A
temples, cheek, chin, inner cheek, anterior 2/3rds of tongue
24
Q
CN 7 innervation
A
taste anterior 2/3 (chorda tympani), facial expression, stapedius
PS of lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands
25
course of facial nerve
travels through IAM to facial canal to stylomastoid foramen
26
what is sensorineural hearing loss
damage to inner ear or nerve
27
what is conductive hearing loss
problem with conducting sound waves to cochlea
28
what is calorix reflex and used for
cold or warm water into EAM causes nystagmus if not brain dead
29
innervation of CN IX
stylopharyngeus, parotid (PS), carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, middle ear, posterior 1/3 tongue taste
30
CN IX test
gag reflex
31
CN X sensation
external ear, EAM, eardrum, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, pharyngeal constrictors, laryngeal muscles, palatoglossus, PS of heart and abdomen
32
CN X motor
intrinsic larynx and pharynx (cricothyroid, salpingopharyngeus, levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus), bronchi and GI smooth muscle
33
acessory innervation
SCM and trapezius
34
hypoglossal innervation
genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus, intrinsic muscles of tongue
35
what side does tongue and uvula deviate to
tongue towards uvula away
36
What are the 3 extra classes of special cranial nerves? What do they do?
Special visceral efferents – muscles derived from pharyngeal arches (CNV, VII, IX, X)
Special somatic afferents – equilibration, hearing, and sight
Special visceral afferents – taste
37
give PS ganglia and nuclei and what they innervate
COPS - 3977
Ciliary ganglion - edinger westphal nucleus - sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle
Otic ganglion - inf salivatory nucleus - parotid
pterygopalatine - sup salivatory nucleus - lacrimal, nasal, nasopharynx, palate
submandibular - sup salivatory - submandibular and sublingual
38
what is horners
damage to symp trunk. Miosis, ptosis (superior tarsal innervation), enophthalmos, anhydrosis
39
what are symp ganglioa of head and neck
sup mid and inf cervical ganglions
40
where is philtrum and palpebral fissure
philtrum between nose and mouth
| palpebral fissure between eyelids
41
what is TMJ made of
mandibular fossa and articular tubercle and condyle of mandible
42
ligaments of TMJ
stylomandibular, lateral ligament, sphenomandibular ligament
43
muscles in mandible elevation and depression
elevation - temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
| depression - digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, lateral pterygoid
44
muscles in mandible protraction and retraction
protraction - masseters, lateral and medial pterygoid
| retraction - temporalis, digastric
45
what prevents posterior displacement of mandible
posterior glenoid tubercle
46
what is clinical significance of infratemporal fossa
used for mandibular nerve block (dental)
47
bones of orbit
frontal, zygomatic, mandibular, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid
48
fissures into orbit
SOF, IOF, optic foramen
49
what goes into SOF
large french tarts sit nakedly in anticipation of sweets
lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, superior oculomotor, nasociliary, inferior oculomotor, abducens, superior opthalmic vein, sympathetic
50
what goes into IOF
infraorbital artery vein nerve
51
what is orbital and blowout fracture. results??
orbital - fracture of bones on outer rim
blowout - partial herniation through inf or medial walls
both lead to increased ICP and exophthalmos
52
actions of eye muscles
sup rectus - elevates, adducts, intorts
inf rectus - depresses, adducts, extorts
sup oblique - depresses, intorts, abducts
inf oblique - elevates, extorts, abducts
53
arteries of eye and venous
artery - central artery, infraorbital, short and long ciliary
vein - superiro and inferior opthalmic, central vein
54
what is infraorbital a branch of
maxillary
55
why can infection of facial vein bad
connected to cavernous sinus, no valves in facial vein. Infection of face can lead to brain
56
what is tarsal, ciliary and lacrimal gland
ciliary and tarsal - seceretes meibum (oil) prevents evaportation of eyes tear film
lacrimal - aqueous layer of tear film
57
what muscles open and close eyelid
open - LPS and superior tarsal
| clsoe - orbicularis oculi
58
what is bells palsy and symptoms
facial nerve palsy. self limited. paralysis of forehead and therefore no wrinkles
59
how differentiate between stroke and bells palsy
stroke is forehead sparing
60
auricle anatomy
see book
| concha, helix, antihelix, EAM, lobule, tragus, antitragus
61
how cauliflower ear
haematoma between cartilage and perichondrium leads to necrosis
62
TM anatomy
umbo, handle of lmalleus, pars flacida and pars tensa
63
mid ear muscles and innervations
stapedius (facial), tensor tympani (mandibular nerve)
64
what is acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion. how differenite
AOM - inflammation of mid ear due to inabiliy to equalise, bulging TM
OME - negative pressure leads to effusion and sucking in of TM
both present wth conductive hearing loss but AOM has pain
65
how treat otitis media
grommets - small tubes placed in TM to allow equalisation
66
complications of AOM
mastoiditis leading to intracranial infecition. Damage to facial nerve.
Cholesteatoma - accumulation of dead squamous cells resulting in erosion of mid ear and bone via lytic enzymes
67
saccule and utricle function
saccule - head movements in vertical plane
| utricle - head movements in horizontal plane
68
where endolymph and perilymph
perilymph in bony labyrinth
| endolymph in membranous labyrinth
69
explain structure of cochlea
If cochlea is a hotdog. Scala vestibule is superior bun. Scala tympani is inferior bun. Hotdog is tectorial membrane surounded by scala media.
Oval to round window
70
what makes up septum of bone
vomer inferior, ethmoid superior, and septal cartilage
71
what is superior, middle, inferior concha made of
superior and middle - ethmoid
| inferior concha own bone
72
name the nasal drainage
```
SENSE
semilunar hiatus (frontal, maxilary, ant ethmoid), ethmoidal bulla, nasolacrimal duct, sphenoid sinus, eustachian tube
```
73
arteris of nasal cavity
post and mid - sphenopalatine
inferior - greater palatine
sup and anterior - ethmoidal
74
nasal veins
facial vein, pterygoid plexus, cavernous sinus
75
commonest site of anterior epistaxis
keisselbachs plexus
76
innervation of nasal cavity
CN1,
septum and lateral wall - ophthalmic and maxillary
post and inferior - nasopalatine nerve
anterior and superior - anterior ethmoidal
77
what tests should you run in chronic epistaxis and how treat
test - bleeding abnormalitis
| treat - lean forward and pinch cartilage. Can cauterise blood vessels, use nasal tampons
78
sensation of meninges
Vb
79
motor nerves from facial nerve
To Zanzibar By Motor Car Please
| temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical, posterior auricular
80
what is torticolis
asymmetrical head/neck position poss due to shortened SCM
81
what is pagets disease of bone
misshapen bones. localised.
82
where jugulo-omohyoid and jugulodigastric found. what do they drain
corner of IJV and omohyoid or digastric
jugulo-omohyoid - tongue, oral cavity, trachea, oesophagus, thyroid
jugulo-digastric - tonsils and tongue
83
anatomy of eye
see book
| vitreous humor, iris, lens, ciliary body
84
where do extraocular muscles attach to
common tendinous ring
85
what is name for dilated pupil and causes
mydriasis - physiological, glaucoma
86
what is a stye and meibomian cyst
cyst - blocked tarsal gland
| stye - blocked ciliary gland
87
where carotid palpated at
c6
88
what is superior and inferior portion of middle ear called and what sinuses contianed
epitympanic recess - mastoid antrum entrance
| tympanic cavity - eustachian tube
89
what is exocytosis of ear canal
bony growth in EAM
90
what CNs can refer pain to ear
facial, trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus
91
innervation of TM?
auricular branch of vagus and glossopharyngeal
92
where would you block anterior sensory 2/3 of tongue?
inferior alveolar nerve block
93
causes of sensorineural hearing loss
menieres, gentamicin
94
development of pituitary gland
downward outgrowth of forebrain known as infundibulum. Grows towards rathkes pouch (from roof of mouth). Rathkes becomes ant pit. Infundibulum becomes post pit and connecting stalk
95
development of tongue
4 swellings - lateral swelling and tuberculum impar (1), cupola (2,3) and epiglottal swelling (4)
lateral overgrows TI, 3rd cupola overgrows 2nd. Apoptosis aside from lingual frenulum
96
innervation of tongue, sensory + taste
ant 2/3 sens - mandibular
ant 2/3 taste - chorda tympani (facial)
posterior 1/3 taste and sense - glossopharyngeal
97
thyroid development
descends from foramen cecum of tongue via thyroglossal duct
98
what is 1st arch syndrome
failure of colonisation of 1st arch with neural crest cells. hyoplasia of mandible and facial bones
99
what is charge syndrome
CH7 mutation, no multipotent neural crest cells
Coloboma, Heart defects, Atresia of back of nasal passage, Retardation of growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, Ear defects
100
nasopharynx epithelia
ciliated pseudostratified. rest of pharynx squamous
101
what are the tonsils and where
pharyngeal (back of nasal cavity), palatine (palate), tubule tonsils (next to ustachian tube), lingual tonsils (base of tongue)
102
what is lymph drainage of palatine tonsils
jugulodigastric
103
what is stridor and stertor
stridor - lower airway obstruction. inspiratory or expiratory
stertor - upper airway obstruction. inspiratory only
104
what is rolling and sliding hernia
rolling - herniates away from oesophagus
| sliding - herniates into oesophagus
105
infection between investing and visceral pretracheal. and posterior to prevertebral fascia. where go
first one - anterior mediastinum
| 2nd - erode through prevertebral fascia and into retropharyngeal space to fibrous pericardium
106
muscles of pharynx and innervations
stylopharyngeus - CNIX
| salpingo and palatpharyngeus - CNX
107
where food can get stuck in mouth
vallecula, palatine tonsils, base of tongue
108
muscles of larynx function and innervation
all inferior laryngeal except cricothyroid
thyroarytenoid
posterior cricoarytenoid - abduct vocal folds
lateral cricoarytenoid - adduct vocal folds
transverse and oblique arytenoids - adducts arytenoid cartilage
109
suprahyoid muscles and innervation
stylohyoid (mandibular), digastric (ant = mandibular, post = facial), mylohyoid (mandibular), geniohyoid (C1)
110
infrahyoid muscles and innervation
sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohoid
| all C1-3
111
tongue musscles and innervation
genioglossus, palatoglossus (X), styloglossus, hypoglossus
| all but P = XII
