HPHD

Question 1

biomedical and biopsychosocial model?

Answer 1

biomedical - biological cause

biopsychosocial - bio + psych + social cause

Question 2

why stereotypes?

Answer 2

info organised in schemata to save processing power. Ppl put into schemata and diversity overlooked. Prone to negative traits

Question 3

what is prejudice and discrimination

Answer 3

prejudice - -ve attitudes based on stereotypes

discrimination - behaviour affected

Question 4

how to avoid stereotypes#?

Answer 4

reflection and knowing people

Question 5

how does ageing affect cognition?

Answer 5

decrease IQ, memory loss, processing speed most affected, crystallised intelligence

Question 6

2 models of ageing?

Answer 6

activity and disengatgement

Question 7

disability medical and social model?

Answer 7

medical - problem is with impairment (loss of physical or psychological structure)
social - problem with social organisation

Question 8

WHAT IS health related behaviour?

Answer 8

anything that +vely or -vely impacts behaviour

Question 9

what is operant conditioning and how to change?

Answer 9

behaviour due to ST rewards. change by rewarding self for not doing

Question 10

what is social learning and how to change?

Answer 10

monkey see, monkey do.

change with celebrities doing shit

Question 11

how manage alcohol acutely and chronically

Answer 11

acutely - fluids, electrolytes, glucose, B1

chronic - disulfiram, B1 (prevent wernickes encephalopathy), valium (treat withdrawal)

Question 12

What is motivational interviewing

Answer 12

avoiding argument, support self efficacy, empathy, develop discrepancy between behaviour and goals

Question 13

what is adherence and compliance?

Answer 13

adherence - patient coincides with med advice

compliance - patient complies with med advice

Question 14

adherence in diseases?

Answer 14

low in chronic, asymptomatic conditions

high in symptomatic conditions

Question 15

how to measure adherence indirectly and directly?

Answer 15

indirect - self/carer report, pill counts

direct - urine/blood sample, direct observation

Question 16

why unintentional and intentional non adherence occurs

Answer 16

unintentional - memory, misunderstand how/when to take drug, limited resources
intentional - BEAM - beliefs, expectations, attitudes, motivation

Question 17

body responses to stress?

Answer 17

increase symp, cortisol, HR. immune system (ST)

Question 18

ST and LT effects of stress?

Answer 18

ST - awareness, sharp, increase thinking and performance

LT - tiredness, anxiety, performance, substance abuse, decrease motivation and immunosuppression

Question 19

tools to measure stress

Answer 19

stressful life events

daily hassles and uplifts

Question 20

what is stress reappraisal

Answer 20

is it easier/harder to cope then i thought#/

Question 21

what factors moderate impact of stress?

Answer 21

control of situation, social support

Question 22

Strategies to manage stress? cognitive, behavioural, emotional, physical, and non cognitive?

Answer 22

cognitive - hypothesis testing, restructuring
behavioural - time management, skills training
emotional - social support, counselling
physical - exercise, meditation
drugs

Question 23

what is emotion focussed coping

Answer 23

change emotions of stress via:
behavioural - talking to friends, drugs
cognitive - change thoughts e.g. denial, + thinking

Question 24

what is problem focussed coping

Answer 24

change problem or resources via:
decrease demands of stressful situation - e.g. find out how to cope
expend resources to deal with it

Question 25

how to help patients deal with stress?

Answer 25

increase social support, pt control, prepare pt for stress, teach stress management

Question 26

NICE guidelines on dealing with depression and anxiety?

Answer 26

low - group CBT and self help severe - individual CBT and SSRI anxiety - same but less SSRI

Question 27

limits of biomedical pain model?

Answer 27

phantom pain, no physical dmg but pain,

Question 28

define chronic pain

Answer 28

>3 mths, rest no help, no ongoing tissue damage

Question 29

purpose of pain management programs?

Answer 29

give patient control of pain, increase coping mechanisms and work or fitness and mobility

Question 30

what is psychodynamic therapy, who is it useful for

Answer 30

addresses underlying conflicts from a young age. use with personality problems, interpersonal problems, willing to tolerate mental pain

Question 31

what is family therapies

Answer 31

looks at interactions and meanings

Question 32

techniques of behavioural CBT

Answer 32

RRAG - roleplay, reinforcement and reward, activity scheduling, Graded exposure

Question 33

techniques of cognitive CBT

Answer 33

REEMS - rehearsal coping, Examine -ve thoughts, Education of cognitive model, Monitor thoughts, Schema work

Question 34

what is cbt philosophy

Answer 34

not problem with situation but our view of it

Question 35

what is cbt useful for

Answer 35

depression, anxiety, eating disorder, phobia, ocd, ptsd

Question 36

when can baby recognise strangers and form attachments

Answer 36

strangers - 3 months | attachments - 7-8 months

Question 37

what are the attachement styles?

Answer 37

secure | insecure - avoidant, ambivalent, disorganised

Question 38

3 phases that a hospitalised child goes through. how does this impact child?

Answer 38

phases - protest, despair, detachment | rsults in depression, anxiety, changing behaviour, lacking sleep, increase pain and stress and decreae adherence

Question 39

piagets 4 stages of childhood cognition?

Answer 39

sensorimotor, 0-2 yrs - think by doing preoperational, 2-7 - egocentric, language and imagination develop concrete operational, 7-12 - logical, can see others POV formal operational, 12+ - abstract, hypothetic deductive reasonijng

Question 40

vygotskys theory of social development?

Answer 40

cone of proximal development, learn thorugh shared problem solving

Question 41

how to communicate with children?

Answer 41

use face pain scale, zone of proximity, dont use metaphors, ask parents to explain, smile, be positive

Question 42

how culture can affect health? how would you counteract this

Answer 42

stigmas, making sense of symptoms, may not find treatment acceptable need more time to explain things to help them adhere

Question 43

3 forms of dying?

Answer 43

gradual, catastrophic, premature

Question 44

5 stages of acceptance of death?

Answer 44

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Question 45

chronic grief risk factors?

Answer 45

mentally disabled, depression, sudden death, stress, grief discourages

Question 46

what sexual problems can arise and give examples

Answer 46

desire - lack of arousal - ED, sexual arousal disorder orgasm - rapid ejaculation, inhibited orgasm other - vaginismus, sexual aversion, pregnancy

Question 47

factors leading to sex problems - precipitating, predisposing, self and partner perpetuating

Answer 47

precipitating - physical, psychosocial, life event predisposing - false beliefs, poor communication, early sex trauma self perpetuating - loss of confidence, guilt, shame, anger partner perpetuating - loss in communication, guilt, blaming

Question 48

what is psychosexual therapy

Answer 48

treats couples and facilitates communication, change in attitudes and beliefs

Question 49

what is gender identity

Answer 49

internal perception of gender

Question 50

what is gender role

Answer 50

way person acts in society

Question 51

define transgender and transsexual

Answer 51

transgender - different gender identity to birth sex | transsexual - desire to live life as opposite gender

Question 52

how provide good care for LGBT

Answer 52

illegal to discriminate, challenge -ve views, respect pts, no pejudice

Question 53

why tell pts bad nes

Answer 53

maintain trust, pts ned to know, open communication, allows adjustment, prevent unrealistic expectations

Question 54

blocking behaviours in bad news/

Answer 54

changing subject, focussing on physical aspect, not adressing concerns

Question 55

how to give bad news?

Answer 55

SPIKES Setting - listen and privacy Patient perception - What does pt already know? Invitation - accept refusal to know more Knowledge - small chunks of info, clear language, check understanding Empathy Strategy - summarise, optimism but not reassuring, opp to ask qs, offer to call friend