TOB

Question 1

Describe keratinocyte differentiation

Answer 1

mitosis in basal
lose mitosis in prickle cell
lose Pm and become corneocyte in granular
flattened in horny layer

Question 2

how calcium allows muscle contraction

Answer 2

ca binds to TnC of troponin and moves tropomyosin

Question 3

describe excitation contraction coupling

Answer 3

ACh binds to AChRs on sarcolemma and propagates AP along sarcolemma and down T tubule
AP in tubules triggers Ca release from SR etc.

Question 4

what CTs surround nerves

Answer 4

endoneurium - individual axon
perineurium - fascicle
epineurium - around whol eneve

Question 5

what is endochondral ossification. what bones does it occur in

Answer 5

most bones

cartilage > bone. starts in mid shaft

Question 6

intramembranous ossification and what bones and cells

Answer 6

flat bones
CT > bone
mesenchymal cells –> osteoblasts

Question 7

what post ganglionic symp uses ACh

Answer 7

sweating and ejaculation

Question 8

give order of skeletal muscle units

Answer 8

myofilament > fibril > fibre > fascicle

Question 9

collagen histology

Answer 9

collagen fibres with flat fibroblasts

Question 10

bone repair

Answer 10

inflammation > soft callus (fibrocartilage) > hard callus > remodelling

Question 11

how many days for epithelia in skin and small intestine to renew

Answer 11

skin - 28 days

small intestine - 4-6 days

Question 12

give the types of WBC and their function and appearance

Answer 12

neutrophil - multilobed nucleus
eosinophil - parasites and allergies. bi-lobed with pink granules
basophil - histamine release. bi or tri lobed with blue granules. circulates in blood.
Mast cells - histamine release. bi or tri lobed with blue granules. fixed in tissue. More granules and smaller nucleus than basophil
lymphocyte - big nucleus. B/T/NK cells
monocyte - kidney shaped nucleus

Question 13

where dense regular CT

Answer 13

ligaments and tendons

Question 14

what fibroblasts secrete

Answer 14

collagen. elastic and reticular fibres, ground substance

Question 15

what is nissl substance

Answer 15

RER

Question 16

functions of skin

Answer 16

psychosexual comm, thermoregulation, barrier, sensation

Question 17

tissue types

Answer 17

epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective

Question 18

stomach histology

Answer 18

epithelium, gastric mucosa, MM, SM, muscularis externae, serosa

Question 19

oeseophagus histology

Answer 19

epithelium, LP, MM, SM, musc externa, adventitia

Question 20

bone functions

Answer 20

support, protection, haematopoesis, mineral storage

Question 21

ganglion lengths

Answer 21

symp pre short, post long

ps pre long, post short

Question 22

what cutterage used for

Answer 22

endometrium

Question 23

platelet and rbc cell differentiation needs

Answer 23

platelet - thrombopoeitin

rbc - erythropoietin

Question 24

gland types

Answer 24

simple - tubular, branched tubular, coiled tubular, branched alveolar
compound - tubular, alveolar

Question 25

define gland

Answer 25

epithelial cell specialised for secretion

Question 26

what ground substance contains

Answer 26

water, GAG, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

Question 27

where glycosylation happens

Answer 27

golgi

Question 28

what is fetal skeleton made of

Answer 28

hyaline

Question 29

what is ligament and tendon

Answer 29

ligament - bone to bone | tendon - muscle to bone

Question 30

what type of cartilage in hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

Answer 30

hyaline and elastic - mostly type 2 | fibrocartilage - mostly type 1

Question 31

what surrounds schwann cells

Answer 31

neurolemma

Question 32

what produces platelets

Answer 32

megakaryocytes

Question 33

what also occurs alongside hypertrophy of muscles within the muscle

Answer 33

increased glycolysis, mitochondria, glycogen storage, blood flow

Question 34

what type of CTis blood and adipose

Answer 34

loose

Question 35

what are langerhan cells and where found

Answer 35

APC of skin in prickle cell layer

Question 36

where find elastic, fibrocartilage and hyaline

Answer 36

elastic - auricle and auditory tube fibrocartilage - IV discs and pubic symph hyaline - resp airways and joints

Question 37

what used to fix tissues

Answer 37

formaldehyde

Question 38

what used to stain myelin sheaths

Answer 38

osmium tetroxide

Question 39

give features of cardiac muscle

Answer 39

branching, intercalated discs, striations, central nucleus

Question 40

why shrinkage artefacts happen

Answer 40

dehydration + rehydration in slide prerp

Question 41

skeletal muscle histology

Answer 41

peripheral nuclei, multinucleated, striations, tightly packed (no gap junctions)