H&N week 10- Pharynx & Soft palate.

Question 1

Label this diagram of the interior of the pharynx

Answer 1

Question 2

Label this diagram of muscles related to the styloid process.

Answer 2

Question 3

label this diagram of the muscles of the pharynx

Answer 3

Question 4

Label this diagram of the soft palate

Answer 4

Question 5

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

Answer 5

A ring of tonsil tissue lcoated around the opening of the airway. Thsi consists of the:

• Pharyngeal tonsils
• Tubal tonsils
• Palatine tonsils
• Lingual tonsils

Question 6

Why is a tonsilectomy dangerous>

Answer 6

The tonsils are supplied by the tonsilar branch of the facial artery and can haemorrhage during surgery.

Question 7

What is the palatoglossal fold?

Answer 7

A fold of mucosa found where the oral cavity becomes the oropharynx.

This fold is caused by the palatoglossus muscle.

Question 8

Compare the hard palate and the bony palate

Answer 8

The bony palate = the bones

The hard palate = bony palate and the mucosa.

Question 9

Where are the palatine tonsils found?

Answer 9

In the tonsilar fossa which is a recess between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds.

Question 10

Where are the lingual tonsils found?

Answer 10

on the posterior of the tongue.

Question 11

What is the vallecula?

Answer 11

A deep recess between the tongue and the epiglottis.

Question 12

What is the Pryiform fossa and discuss its clinical relevance>

Answer 12

The pyriform fossa is a pear shaped fossa where it is very common for fish bones to get stuck.

Question 13

What is the laryngopharynx and Where does it start and end?

Answer 13

This is the area where food goes.

Starts: Tip of the epiglottis

Ends- cricoid cartilage

Question 14

What cell type lines the laryngopharynx?

Answer 14

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium.

Question 15

Discuss the epiglottis?

Answer 15

This is a leaf shaped elastic cartilage covered by mucosa.

It is found behind the tongue and moves inferiorly when swallowing to close the laryngeal inlet.

Question 16

What is the palatopharyngeal fold?

Answer 16

A fold that goes backwards and downwards and contains the palato-pharyngeous muscle.

Question 17

What is the palatopharyngeous muscle?

Answer 17

This is a muscle which helps bring the soft palate against the back wall of the pharynx when you swallow.

This improves the seal and stops fluid going into the airways.

this joins with the palatal aponeurosis and goes to the back wall of the pharynx.

Question 18

Where does the oropharynx start?

Answer 18

At the edge of the soft palate.

Question 19

discuss the nasopharynx?

Answer 19

This conducts air:

Starts- back edge of the nasal septum

Ends: edge of the soft palate.

Question 20

What is the pharyngeal recess and what is theclinical relevance of it?

Answer 20

The pharyngeal recess (Fossa of rossenmueller) is a deep pocket of mucosa found behind the auditory tube.

Clinically-

If there is a nasoharynx malignancy in here it is very difficult to find and also remove (Internal carotid artery runs lateral to it)

Question 21

What is the pharynx?

Answer 21

A passageway that conducts air and food.

Question 22

What is the isthmus of the fauces?

Answer 22

This is the arch of the palatoglossus folds which food passes through to leave the oropharynx.

Question 23

What is the auditory tube?

Answer 23

A bony canal that allows air to connect with the middle ear.

But this can allow infections of the ear in.

The medial end of the tube towards the nasopharynx is made of cartilage.

Question 24

What are the Adenoids?

Answer 24

The pharyngeal tonsils which are found in the mucosa of the nasopharynx.

Question 25

Discuss the tubular elevation?

Answer 25

A raised area surrounding the auditory tube which is caused by the cartilage under the muocsa at the end of the auditory tube. It is also covered in tonsilar tissue (the tubal tonsils)

Question 26

What is the stylopharyngeous muscle?

Answer 26

A muscle that comes from the styloid process and passes down between the middle and superior constrictors.

Question 27

What supplies the stylopharyngeous muscle ?

Answer 27

The glossopharyngeal nerve.

Question 28

Name the three main muscles that surround the pharynx?

Answer 28

The Superior constrictor The Middle constrictor The Inferior constrictor.

Question 29

What is the Pterygomandibular raphe

Answer 29

A fibrous band between the pterygoid hamulus and the mandible

Question 30

What supplies the constrictor muscles?

Answer 30

The vagus nerve.

Question 31

What is the pharyngeal raphe?

Answer 31

A fibrous band of tissue where the Left and Right constrictor muscles meet. This joins the 3 constrictor muscles together.

Question 32

How do the 3 constrictor muscles overlap?

Answer 32

The inferior constrictor muscle overlaps the middle constrictor muscle which overlaps the superior muscle.

Question 33

Discuss the levator Veli palatini?

Answer 33

This attaches to the upper aspect of the palatal aponeurosis and to the base of the skull to elevate the soft palate. It is found behind the auditory tube and is supplied by the vagus nerve.

Question 34

What is the function of the uvular muscles?

Answer 34

These shorten and widen the uvula.

Question 35

What is the uvula?

Answer 35

A fleshy peice that hangs down on the back edge of the soft palate. This improves the soft palate seal when you are swallowing.

Question 36

What is the palatal aponeurosis

Answer 36

A sheath which gives the skeleton of the soft palate.

Question 37

What is the tensor veli palatini?

Answer 37

A muscle that comes down from the base of the skull to tense the soft palate. It is supplied by the mandibular division of the trigeminal.

Question 38

Why do we need the auditory tube?

Answer 38

As the lining of the middle ear gradually resorbs air so we need to replace it.

Question 39

Discuss the epithelium of the oropharynx?

Answer 39

This is a stratified squamous epithelium as it needs to withstand friction from food.

Question 40

What provides sensory supply to the tongue?

Answer 40

Front 2/3 are supplied by the Mandibular division of trigeminal. Back 1/3 is supplied by the Glossopharyngeal. taste is supplied by the chordae tympani of the facial nerve.

Question 41

Label this clinical image of the larynx.

Answer 41

Question 42

Compare the folds of the larynx

Answer 42

We have the vocal folds- these adduct when you speak and are made of a thicker epithelium so appear white. Vestibular folds (False folds) Aryepiglotic folds- a fold of mucous membrane over the aryepiglotic muscle

Question 43

Label this diagram of the front of the larynx

Answer 43

Question 44

Discuss this structure

Answer 44

Arytenoid cartilage is a projection to which the vocal folds attach. This allows the vocal folds to move.

Question 45

Label this diagram of the larynx

Answer 45

Question 46

Discuss the muscles that work between the arytenoid cartilage.

Answer 46

There muscles work to move the vocal folds (attached to the cartilage) **Inter-arytenoid muscles**- Move the arytenoid cartilage together which adducts the vocal folds **Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles**- Move the artyenoid cartilage apart which. moves the folds apart

Question 47

What happens if something touches the inside of the larynx?

Answer 47

Sensory supply to the larynx is caused by the vagus nerve. The diaphragm increases the size of the thoracic cavity (you get a deep breath in) The vocal folds adduct (meet in the midline and close the larynx) The abdominal muscles contract & Diaphragm relaxes. Vocal folds open Air explodes up.

Question 48

What is the ventricle of the larynx?

Answer 48

A recess between the vocal fold and vestibular fold which produces a mucous to make the folds more slippy .