hallucinogens Flashcards
(29 cards)
hallucinogens
produce hallucinations as main effect
- psychedelics
- deleriants
- dissociatives
psychdelics
alter perception, mood, cognition
- serotonin agonist
- disrupt default mode network
dissociatives
distort perception of reality + cause dissociation
- glutamte antagonist
- depressant + stimulant effects
- ie. ketamine, PCP
deliriants
confusion, delirium, hallucinations
- unpopular recreationally
- anticholinergic
- don’t enhance perception
origins of psychedelics
- used in indigenous cultural practices ie. mescaline (peyote)
- experimental psilocybin therapy
- Hofman accidentally created LSD
- nazis used LSD as truth drugs
- CIA tried to weaponize LSD
methods of LSD prep
drops of LSD onto blotting squares + lick
abs + metabolism of LSD
- very potent + fast abs
- metabolized in liver
LSD mech of action
- 5HT2A receptor agonist
- increases glutamate transmission
LSD effects
- alters visual processes
- increases sensory signals
- normally suppressed info not suppressed
default mode network
non goal directed activity or inattention
- chronic LSD can cause permanent structural changes
ego dissolution
blurring of the boundaries between one’s sense of self and one’s surrounding
- ego = DMN
true hallucination
perception of images or sounds that are NOT real
pseudo-hallucination
altered perception of things that ARE real
Factors that affect a person’s trip can include:
- previous experiences + expectations
- current emotional state
- physical surroundings
hypersuggestability
A state of easy influence by suggestions that can jeopardize reality testing.
hallucinogen persisting perceptive disorder
Recurring, lengthy, and unpleasant memory from a previous hallucinogenic experience; uncommon occurrence
PCP
highly unpredictable + long effects made difficult to manage in clinical setting
ketamine
developed as safer alternative to PCP
- illegal for recreational use
- approved for medical use
ketamine pharmacokinetics
- highly lipophilic
- active metabolite norketamine
- 90% eliminated via urine
ketamine mech of action
- glutamate antagonist
- antagonist at NMDA receptoor -> LTP
- indirectly affects AMPA receptor -> neurogenesis
effects of ketamine
- dissociation
- analgesia
- sedation
- hallucination
- euphoria
- dysphoria
- inc HR + BP
- bladder problems
ketamine as an antidepressant
TRD have altered resting state + increased gray matter
- esketamine
effects of deliriants
- true hallucinations
- extreme confusion
- amnesia
- risk of self-harm
- terrifying (not used recreationally)
deliriants mech of action
block muscarinic receptors in CNS and PNS
