outer layer of heart, connective tissue
epicardium
middle muscular layer of the heart
myocardium
inner layer of smooth endothelium that lines the heart
endocardium
superior/receiving chambers of the heart
atria
inferior, discharging chambers of the heart
ventricles
small mass of tissue in the right atrium, functions as a pacemaker
sinoatrial node (SA node)
any pacemaker in the heart other than the SA node
ectopic pacemaker
contraction of ventricles
systole
relaxation of ventricles
diastole
average heart rate
71 bpm
average blood pressue
120/80
fast heart rate (over 100 bpm)
tachycardia
slow heart rate (under 60 bpm)
bradycardia
left side of the heart receives freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all the body cells
systemic circulation
the main artery of the systemic circulation, carries blood to all the other arteries except the pulmonary artery
aorta
provide oxygen to all the body’s cells
systemic capilarries
the largest veins in the body
venae cavae
the right heart pumps unoxygenated blood to the lungs,, where oxygen is picked up and brought to the left heart
pulmonary circulation
blood vessels that carries unoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left heart
pulmonary veins
blood vessels that encircle the heart, and feed the myocardium during diastole
coronary arteries
a critical condition caused by a sudden drop in blood flow through the body, sharply curtailing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs
shock
low blood pressure
hypotension
over breathing
hyperventilation
decreased urine flow
oliguria
normally defined as a systolic pressure of 140mm Hg or higher and/or a distolic pressure of 95 mm Hg or higher on two or more measurements on two or more occasions
hypertension
the form of hypertension that has no identifiable cause
essential/primary/idiopathic hypertension
a sensory nerve ending in some large blood vessels
baroreceptor
blood vessel in the neck, word meaning “next to the ears”
common carotid artery
a sudden stop in effective and normal blood circulation due to failure of the heart to pump blood
cardiac arrest
time after which if cardiac arrest persists permanent brain damage may occur
five minutes
cardiac rhythm disturbance
arrhythmia
abnormal continuous or periodic sound originating in the heart valves
heart murmur
clogging of the arteries
atherosclerosis
a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage through injury or disease
lesion
loss of local blood flow due to mechanical obstruction
ischemia
severe constricting pain in the chest
angina pectoris
term for death
necrosis
death due to lack of oxygen as a result of an obstruction of the tissue’s blood supply
ischemic necrosis/infarction
lesion resulting from ischemic necrosis
infarct
the death of some heart tissue
myocardial infarction
abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating
A-FIB
term for “on the back”
supine
portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias in a patient
automated external defibrillator
vermicular twitching of individual muscle fibers
fibrillation
aka for the skin
cutaneous layer/integument
outer, nonvascular, non sensitive layer of the skin
epidermis
outer later of the epidermis, consisting of several layers of flat keratinized cells among the stratified squamous epethilial cells
stratum corneum
a tough, insoluble protein that is the main constituent of hair, nails, horn, hooves, etc.
keratin
the deepest layer of the epidermis
stratum basale/stratum germinativum
a cell that upon division replaces its own numbers and also gives rise to cells that differentiate further into one or more specialized types
stem cells
a cell that produces melanin
melanocyte
an insoluble dark pigment found in all forms of animal life, accounts for dark colour of skin, hair, fur, scales, feathers
melanin
a growth on the skin that develops when melanocytes grow in clusters
mole/nevus
flat temporary clusters of melanin
freckles
connective tissue layer deep to the epidermis, contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves, sensory receptors, oil and sweat glands
dermis
cutaneous glands that secret sebum
sebaceous glands
oil that lubricates hair and skin, prevents excessive water evaporation and inhibits growth of certain bacteria
sebum
caused by excess oils that have accumulated in the sebaceous gland’s duct
blackheads
a common human skin disease, characterized by areas of seborrhea
acne
scaly red skin
seborrhea
an infection of the hair follicle
boil/furuncle
individual boils clustered together
carbuncles
contraction of the arrector pili muscles
goosebumps
a new, often uncontrolled growth of abnormal tissue, tumor
neoplasm
the branch of medical science dealing with the treatment of cancer
oncology
very dangerous of harmful
malignant
the spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another
metastasis
a noun suffix used to form names of tumors
oma
most common, least dangerous skin cancer, arises from basal cells of the epithelium
basal cell carcinoma
any of several types of skin tumors characterized by the malignant growth of melanocytes
melanoma
acronym for the ABCD rule of identifying potentially cancerous moles
Asymmetrical, irregular Border, changes Colour, increased Diameter
tract extending from the mouth to the anus
gastrointestinal tract/alimentary canal/ GI tract
salivary gland under the tongue
sublingual
salivary gland under the jawbone
submandibular
salivary gland below and in front of the ear
parotid
chewing
mastication
soft, roundish mass or lump, esp. of chewed food
bolus
swallowing
deglutition
lower jaw
mandible
upper jaw bones
maxillae
pertaining to the tongue
lingual
prefix meaning “beneath”
sub
watery fluid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands
saliva
carbohydrates occurring in plans
starches
muscular tube for the passage of food from the throat to the stomach
esophagus
term for “throat”
pharynx
open sores that develop on the inside of the stomach, upper small intestine, or esophagus
peptic ulcer
term for upper small intestine
duodenum
substernal pain or burning sensation usually associated with the regugitation of gastric juice into the esophagus
heartburn
breathing muscle between the chest and abdomen
diaphragm
term meaning “gap”
hiatal
a protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it
hernia
a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
abdominal contents herniate through a weak point int he abdominal wall
inguinal hernia
semifluid mass into which food is converted by gastric secretion and passes from the stomach into the small intestine
chyme
any of the fingerlike projections on the mucous membrane of the small intenstine
villi
secreted by the liver, aids in absorption and digestion, especially of fats
bile
a membranous sac attached by ducts to the liver, in which bile is stored and concentrated
gall bladder
the large intestine, absorbs water from and eliminates residues of digestion
colon
the endoscopic examination of the large bowel with a camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus
colonoscopy
allows an examination of the lower portion of the colon
sigmoidoscopy
small bulging pouches found most often in the sigmoid area of the colon
diverticula
inflammation of diverticula, can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and a marked change in bowel habits
diverticulitis
beginning of the large intestine
cecum
a sugar which is used for energy within the body
glucose
disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and kills the insulin producing cells of the pancreas
type 1 diabetes
disease in which the body can’t properly use the insulin that is released, called insulin insensitivity
type 2 diabetes
eye disease
retinopathy
low blood sugar
hypoglycemia
high blood sugar
hyperglycemia
the substance dissolved in a given solution
solute
the substance that dissolves another to form a solution
solvent
a homogeneous molecular mixture of two or more substances
solution
a measure of the amount of dissolved substance contained per unit of volume
concentration
the difference in concentration between two areas, affects the rate of diffusion
concentration gradient
the random movement of molecules, ions, or small particles in solution under the influence of thermal motion through a uniform distribution throughout the available volume
diffusion
an atom or atom group electrically charged by the loss or gain of electrons
ion
diffusion of water
osmosis
the stage of taking oxygen from the air and returning carbon dioxide to it
respiration/breathing/pulmonary ventilation
bone tissue protruding into the nasal cavity
conchae
voice box
larynx
windpipe
trachea
a motile, hair-like extension of a cell surface
cilia
one cigarette slows the motion of the cilia for how long
20 minutes
name of the trachea and air passages above it
upper respiratory system
a flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea
epiglottis
any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the trachea
bronchus/bronchi
name of the air passages starting with the bronchi and moving down
lower respiratory system
microscopic air sacs
alveoli
part of the nervous system that controls breathing is in this part of the brain
brain stem
a chronic disease of the lungs characterized by difficulty in breathing
emphysema
a condition of the lungs in which there is widespread narrowing of airways
asthma (bronchial)
the canal or cavity of a tubular organ
lumen
shortness of breath, difficulty or distress in breathing
dyspnea
prefix meaning “ill” “bad”
dys
suffix meaning “breath”
pnea
absence of breathing caused by upper airway obstruction during sleep
sleep apnea
a position in which an unconscious but breathing person can be placed as part of first aid treatment, one of a series of variations of a three quarters prone position of the body
recovery position
“open” airway
patent
stomach contents collecting in the throat
passive regurgitation
stomach acid collecting in the back of the throat can flow down into the lungs and attack the inner lining of the lungs, causing this
aspiration pneumonia
